Haplogroup E1a

E1a is highly understudied and not much has ever really been reported about this lineage except for its connection to the Dogon people, but there is even a plot twist within that connection as well, that we will get into later.

Inception

Haplogroup E-M132 aka E1a, emerged roughly 50,000 years ago, around the time of the out of Africa migrations.

The paternal lineage E1a follows the phylogenetic path: CT → DE → E-M96 → E-P147 → E1a.

CT is the haplogroup lineage all out of Africa migrations descend from.

CT produces :

CF & DE,

The subclades of the lineages these migrations stem from.

Haplogroup DE is identified as Basal Eurasians, meaning during this chapter of their history, the people of this lineage still had zero admixture with Neanderthal or Denisovan groups. Haplo DE likely originated between NorthEast Africa and expanded into the levant and Arabia, or it is also possible that it arose in Mesopotamia or Arabia and expanded from there into the Levant and Africa.

The “Middle East” is not a real cardinal direction, it was a political creation, and at one point in history, all the Afroasiatic-speaking regions such as the Levant, Arabia and northeast Africa were all closely related and regularly interacting or intermixing.

Haplogroup D and E split around 65-70,000 years ago.

D likely formed around the Iranian plateau. It represents the Aboriginal Black people of Eastern and Southern Asia like the Andamanese of India, Tibetans of Tibet, And the Ainu of Japan before modern populations became the dominant people group and diluted melanin in groups like the Tibetans and Ainu. The Andamanese of India have been mostly hostile to outsiders, as a result of how they witnessed other aboriginal groups and even their own, get absorbed and deleted by migrant groups who arrived over the centuries. Due to their stand-offish behavior they have managed to retain their melanin and likely look exactly as they did 50,000 years ago. Many even mistake them for Sub - Saharan Africans from their negroid appearance and dark complexion, but genetically the Andamanese are closer to other South Asians, East Asians, and Southeast Asians than they are to present-day Africans.

Haplogroup D did not remain a Basal Eurasian group because they would absorb Neanderthal and Denisovan DNA during its expansion.

Haplogroup E represented the aboriginal black people of Mesopotamia, Arabia, Canaan, Kemet, Nubia and the greater northeast Africa.

In later generations haplogroup J would progressively replace E in Arabia and the Levant.

This is partially why most west Africans have an oral tradition of coming from the East.

Haplogroup D split from E and would receive admixture from Neanderthals and Denisovans. haplogroup CF, the sibling group of DE would also receive high levels of Denisovan admixture.

The E lineages that back migrated to Africa before later populations took over in the lands they were back migrating from, would retain their basal Eurasian ancestry and remain purely Homo sapien.

Pleistocene phase

Today E1a is typically heavily distributed in the Sahel and Mediterranean, but 50,000 years ago was the Pleistocene phase, aka the ice age.

At ~50,000 years ago, the Sahara Maghreb, and Arabia were colder and drier, making it not uniformly habitable. People survived by sticking to refugia, which are areas where water and food still existed.

The most habitable areas were likely:

East Africa

The Nile Valley was one of the most reliable human corridors in northeast Africa.

Arabia

• Southern Arabia — benefited from Indian Ocean monsoons and had more reliable water sources.

• Asir Mountains and nearby highlands had cooler temperatures, rainfall, and springs.

• The coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf had marine resources and access to water.

• During wetter phases, parts of today’s deserts contained lakes, rivers, and grasslands that supported wildlife and human populations.

North Africa

The Mediterranean coastal belt from modern Morocco through Libya and Mountainous regions such as the Atlas Mountains.

Around this time E1a would be small hunter-gatherer groups living near water systems and savanna edges.

About 14,000 years ago, the continent would enter the African Humid period, where monsoons shifted into the desert areas, causing a green Sahara.

Green Sahara Period

12,000–8,000 BCE (main expansion phase)

Many lineages of E1a, such as haplogroup E1a2 (E-Z958) arose during the African Humid Period, which famously induced greenery in the Sahara and Maghreb.

The Green Sahara was a period when much of the Sahara Desert was covered by grasslands, lakes, rivers, and wildlife instead of sand. It lasted roughly from 14,500 to 5,000 years ago, with the wettest phase around 11,000–7,000 years ago. People lived throughout the region, herding cattle, fishing, hunting, and establishing settlements. As Earth’s climate changed, rainfall decreased and the Sahara gradually became a desert again, pushing many populations toward places like the Nile Valley, the Sahel, and other habitable regions.

• Climate turns green → populations expand into north and west Africa.

• E-M132 carriers likely: • Move into central Sahara (Libya, Chad, Niger zones) • Followed lakes and river systems (e.g., Mega-Chad)

• This is the big dispersal moment

8,000–5,000 BCE

• Populations are fully established across the Green Sahara • Pastoralism spreads; regional subgroups differentiate.

After ~5,000 BCE (desert returns)

After the Sahara dries, scientists would typically suggest that E1a spread through west Africa. The E1a carriers who migrated out of the green Sahara could have possibly become a Proto-Mande people who established stone settlements possibly as far back as 4000 BCE or even earlier at sites such as Dhar Tichitt, Dhar Walata, and Dhar Néma in modern-day Mauritania.

The reason scientists give us for not being able to find ancient E1a samples in western or Sahelian Africa is because :

• Much of West Africa and the Sahel is hot, humid, or experiences extreme temperature fluctuations. • DNA breaks down faster in these environments than in cooler, drier places.

For this reason or another, ancient E1a fossils up to this date have not been found in west Africa and scientist have silently revealed that it was not geographically limited there.

After the Sahara dried, E1a would find itself in the Levant and Maghreb.

Ancient E1a Samples

Kerkouane E1a1 (E-M44) was found amongst a man who lived between 717 - 404 BCE during the Early Iron Age and was found in the region now known as Kerkouane necropolis, Nabeul, Tunisia. He was associated with the Phoenician cultural group.

His Y haplogroup was E-Y20219 and his direct maternal line belonged to mtDNA haplogroup H1v. Reference: 124206 from Ringbauer et al. 2025

Villaricos E1a2 (E-Z958) was found amongst a man who lived between 358 - 170 BCE during the Middle Iron Age and was found in the region now known as Cuevas del Almazora, Almería, Villaricos, Spain. He was associated with the Phoenician cultural group.

His direct maternal line belonged to mtDNA haplogroup U6a1b2. Reference: I18189 from Ringbauer et al. 2025

E1a Phoenicians (1200-300 BCE)

The Canaanite culture that gave rise to the Phoenicians apparently developed from the earlier Ghassulian chalcolithic culture. The Ghassulian culture itself developed from the Circum-Arabian Nomadic Pastoral Complex, which in turn developed from a fusion of their ancestral Natufian and Harifian cultures with Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) farming cultures.

The Phoenician culture solidified around 1200 BCE They were a Canaanite-speaking maritime people from the Levant, centered in the Lebanese cities of Tyre, Sidon, and Byblos. They were famous for seafaring, trade, shipbuilding, purple dye, and spreading the Phoenician alphabet across the Mediterranean.

They were closely related to other Canaanite Semitic groups such as Israelites, Amorites, and Ugaritic people.

Phoenician - Hebrew Alliance

The Phoenician and Hebrew people have been allied since the days of King Hiram & King Solomon.

They’ve often had joint trading expeditions and shared ports.

The Hebrew Bible places the Phoenician lands of Tyre and Sidon within the territory of the tribe of Asher (Joshua 19:24-29).

When the Hebrews arose in Canaan they failed to conquer all the coastal cities.

Because of this, the Tribe of Asher settled amongst the Phoenicians. The two groups traded, intermarried, and influenced each other's cultures.

By the end of the 11th century BC the period sometimes described as a "Phoenician renaissance" had begun. An alliance formed between Tyre and Israel had created a new geopolitical status quo in the Levant. Commercial maritime activity now involved not just mercantilism, but colonization as well, and Phoenician expansion into the Mediterranean was well under way.

The Phoenician city-states during this time were Tyre, Sidon, Byblos, Aradus, Beirut, and Tripoli. They filled the power vacuum caused by the Late Bronze Age collapse and created a vast mercantile network consisting of both Phoenician and Hebrew forces.

Phoenicians were pioneers of wholesale, mass production and selling items in bulk. They established one of antiquity's most extensive maritime networks, active for over a millennium. Starting in the 8th century BC, the Phoenicians sold logs of cedar for significant sums, and wine to Egypt. The wine trade with Egypt is vividly documented by shipwrecks discovered in 1997 in the open sea 50 kilometres (30 mi) west of Ascalon.

The Phoenicians were major wine exporters. They domesticated the common grape vine but sourced it from Transcaucasia in the South Caucasus via trade routes connected to the Black Sea.

The Black Sea is on the western coast Of the Caucasus. This region produced a highly sought out grape vine.

In the northern Caucasus, a carrier of E1a2a1b1b dated between the 9th century BCE and the 7th century BCE, was found in northern Ossetia from the Koban cultural era, who may have descended from a wine trader who likely set up a merchant camp, to be able to immediately source his brother’s coming from Phoenicia.

The 9th century BCE was the height of Phoenician expansion and mercantile activity, so for a E1a sample to arise in a hot zone of trade products is not a coincidence.

Carthage

Beginning around the 9th–8th centuries BCE, Phoenicians predominantly from Tyre, established colonies throughout North Africa, Iberia, Sicily, Sardinia, and beyond. The most successful colony was Carthage in present-day Tunisia (North Africa). The expansion of the Carthaginians into Spain would be known as the Punic era.

Punic Era

The term “Punic” comes from the Latin word Poeni, meaning Phoenicians. During this period, Carthage developed its own identity while preserving much of its Phoenician language, religion, and culture. Carthaginians mixed with local North African populations, creating the Punic civilization. Carthage became a major commercial and military empire.

Jewish Presence

Jews who were a part of the mercantile alliance between Israel and the Phoenician city of Tyre, would take part in the Phoenician migration to the Mediterranean.

Traditions from nearby Djerba claim that Jewish exiles from the Babylonian conquest settled in the region and may have assisted Phoenicians in establishing Carthage as well.

The following wave would be in 70 CE, after the destruction of second temple. The Roman Emperor Titus sent 12 boatloads for some 30,000 Jews from Palestine to North Africa. The island of Djerba in Eastern Tunisia was one of the earliest Jewish settlements. It is known as the island of the Kohanim, and it is reputed to been settled by the high priest Zadok and his fellow Kohanim.

By the time the Phoenicians transitioned to Carthage they would have became a mixture of Tyre-Phoenician and Hebrew merchant groups, who absorbed local Berbers once settling North Africa.

This Amalgamation between the three groups, would create the Carthaginian people.

E1a in North Africa The next question would then be which group contributed E1a into Carthage.

The average scholar would likely rush to say the genetic component that carried E1a would be derived from the local Berbers, imported slaves or Mercenaries but this can be debunked on all three layers.

The archeological presence of E1a is not visibly seen in the Maghreb until after the arrival of Phoenicians and most Berbers are predominantly E1b rather than E1a, which rules out the the Berbers of Carthage being the ones who introduced E1a to that specific region.

E1a can be found In the Canary Islands amongst the Guanche, dating back to the 10th & 12th century CE, but the carbon dating is still after the Phoenician era.

By at least the 7th or 6th century BCE, the Carthaginians had already expanded into Morocco and settled cities such as Lixus and Essaouira, but already had trade in the Canary as early as the 10-12th century BCE

Essaouira is on the Atlantic coast and in full proximity to the Canary.

Within the Canary archipelago, the Phoenicians and later Carthaginians are believed to have used Lanzarote and Fuerteventura to source Orchilla lichen, a plant used to make highly prized purple/red.

The Montana Mina 37 & 38 samples were E1a carriers found in Montana Mina, Lanzarote, Spain between 1162-1268 CE

Recent excavations by archaeologists, such as those led by Pablo Atoche Peña, have recovered Phoenician and Punic artifacts at sites like Buenavista-Lanzarote and El Bebedero.

Pottery in the Canary Islands, dating between 900-1100 BCE was found and believed to belong to the Phoenicians as well, so trade and local interactions were occurring undeniably, which would naturally lead to some level of intermixing and Integrations.

Another sample called: Lomo Galeon 22, was a man who lived between 1172 - 1268 CE during the Late Medieval Age and was found in the region now known as Lomo Galeon, Gran Canaria, Spain (Canary Islands). He was associated with the Guanche cultural group.

Reference: CAN022 from Serrano et al. 2023

So the source of E1a in amongst the Guanche could be derived from :

1. Green Saharan Africans that settled the Mediterranean coast of the Maghreb after the Sahara dried in 5,000-4,000 BCE

2. intermixing between Phoenicians and Guanche woman in the 9th century BCE

3. Jewish refugees who settled the Mediterranean after the Jewish-Roman wars in the 2nd century AD.

4. Radhanite Jews who settled the Sahel and Maghreb in the 8th century AD.

Multiple scenarios are possible through these four windows.

Warriors & Slaves For those who would say the E1a component in Carthage are warriors and slaves from Sub-Saharan Africans, this would also be inaccurate.

North Africa : The core of the cavalry and infantry came from modern-day Morocco, Algeria, and Libya, including the famous Numidian cavalry and native Libyans who made up the bulk of the heavy infantry.

Spain: Iberian and Celtiberian infantry and cavalry were highly prized, especially during the campaigns of the Barcid family.

Gaul & Italy: Celtic tribesmen from Gaul and various Italian groups (like the Campanians) served in their armies.

Slavery As far slavery, it was mostly limited to the Mediterranean region rather than Sub-Saharan Africa.

The Mediterranean Islands: Expert slingers from the Balearic Islands and skilled fighters from Sicily and Sardinia were also recruited.

War Captives: Enslaving prisoners of war was the primary source of slaves. For example, during Carthaginian campaigns in Sicily and conflicts with North African tribes,, tens of thousands of captives were captured and pressed into labor or sold.

The Mediterranean Slave Trade: Carthage was a major commercial hub. Their merchants bought and sold enslaved people from markets spanning the entire Mediterranean, bringing them to North Africa to serve as domestic workers, laborers, or in public works.

Military Integration: Enslaved people and fugitives sometimes found their way into the Carthaginian war machine. Escaped slaves from other regions (such as the Roman runaway Spendius) frequently fled to Carthaginian service for refuge and opportunity.

So ultimately the presence of E1a specifically in the Maghreb, was derived from Phoenician and Israelite groups that settled there in the 9th century BCE

It is not at all to the slightest degree unlikely, for there to have been post green Saharan migrants as well, but the current fossil evidence appears in the Maghreb rather than Sub Sahara.

Conversion To Judaism

During the Seleucid Dynastic Wars (157-63 BC), the Phoenician cities were mainly self-governed. Many of them were fought over by the warring factions of the Seleucid royal family. Some Phoenician regions were under Jewish influence, after the Jews revolted and succeeded in defeating the Seleucids in 164 BC.

As a result the Jewish kingdom would expand, resulting in them taking over parts of Phoenicia. This changed how the people in those areas lived and worshipped

The Hasmonean dynasty of Judea, encouraged people in these areas to convert to Judaism,

Some Phoenicians in North Africa chose to become Jewish during the late ancient period.

Modern DNA tests show that North African Jewish communities share genetic roots with the original people of the Levant.

Later influx of Jewish refugees would add to the genetic pool as well.

Punic Wars

In 146 BCE, Rome destroyed Carthage after the Third Punic War. However, Punic language, culture, and populations continued in North Africa for centuries under Roman rule.

Jewish Roman Wars

Jews and Judaized Phoenicians would later start relocating to the city of Alexandria and m Memphis in Egypt for the following reasons :

1. Economic opportunities (the biggest reason) • Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BCE and quickly became one of the richest trading cities in the Mediterranean. • It attracted merchants, artisans, scholars, and laborers from across the Greek world, the Levant, and Africa. • Many Jews moved there voluntarily because it offered opportunities for trade, banking, shipping, and skilled work. 2. Invitation under the Ptolemies • After Alexander’s death, Egypt was ruled by the Ptolemaic Kingdom. • The Ptolemaic rulers encouraged immigration to help populate and strengthen Alexandria. • Jews were granted the right to live there, organize their own communities, and in many cases participate in the city’s economy. 3. War captives who remained • Some Jews arrived after military campaigns between the Ptolemies and the Seleucids over Judea. • Although some were initially brought as captives or soldiers, many eventually gained freedom and settled permanently. 4. Education and culture • Alexandria became the intellectual center of the Hellenistic world, home to the famous Library of Alexandria. • Jewish scholars there engaged with Greek philosophy and literature. • Around the 3rd–2nd centuries BCE, the Hebrew Bible was translated into Greek there, producing the Septuagint, because many Alexandrian Jews spoke Greek rather than Hebrew. 5. Religious freedom • Compared with some other places, Jews in Alexandria generally enjoyed the ability to maintain synagogues, courts, and community institutions, though there were periods of serious tension and violence.

By the 1st century BCE and 1st century CE, Alexandria had one of the largest Jewish communities in the world—possibly several hundred thousand people.

Haplogroup E-P110 under E1a2, can be found in Alexandria as well.

The position of Alexandria's Jewry began deteriorating during the Roman era, as deep anti-Semitic sentiment began developing amongst the city's Greek and Egyptian populations.

This led to the subsequent Alexandrian pogrom in 38 CE, one of the earliest well-documented large-scale attacks on Jews in a diaspora city.

The Alexandria riot would also occur in 66 CE, which was in parallel with the outbreak of the First Jewish–Roman War.

As a result of serious persecution, Alexandria's Jewry began to diminish, leading to a mass immigration of Alexandrian Jews to Rome, as well as other Mediterranean and North African cities.

Kitos War It appears that the Jewish community of Alexandria was completely eradicated by the end of the 2nd Jewish Roman battle, known as the Kitos War in 117 CE, with various rabbinic legends associated with the final destruction of the community.

By the beginning of the Byzantine era, the Jewish population had again increased, but suffered from the persecutions of the Christian Church. During the subsequent Muslim conquest of Egypt, the number of Jews in Alexandria increased greatly, with some estimates numbering around 400,000.

Bar Kokhba Revolt

The Bar Kokhba Revolt was the final and most devastating of the Jewish Roman Wars. It was the last major Jewish revolt that organized effort to regain national independence

Under the leadership of Simon bar Kokhba, the rebels launched a highly organized resistance, initially achieving substantial military success. Unlike previous revolts, Jewish forces were well-prepared, employing guerrilla tactics, fortified hideouts, and an extensive network of underground hideout systems and tunnels.

The revolt was ultimately crushed by the Romans, resulting in the near-total depopulation of Judea proper, as well as mass killings, widespread enslavement, and displacement.

The Jewish-Roman wars profoundly transformed the Jewish people, converting a once-prominent population in the Eastern Mediterranean into a dispersed and persecuted minority.

Classicist Hannah Cotton characterized the First Jewish Revolt and the Bar Kokhba revolt as "two major national and religious revolts—two great catastrophes which changed the history of this province—indeed the entire course of Jewish history."

The consequences for the Jews of Judaea were catastrophic, characterized by widespread destruction and mass slaughter, which some historians regard as genocidal in scope. According to surviving ancient accounts, hundreds of thousands of Jews perished,

Archaeologist Shimon Applebaum estimated that about two-thirds of Judaea's Jewish population died in the revolt.

As a result of the wars, many Jews dispersed from Judaea to regions such as North Africa, Spain, Greece, Italy, Babylonia, and Arabia, expanding the Jewish diaspora. These are all places E1a can be found today according to FTDNA & YFULL.

Following the revolt, the Romans appear to have confiscated lands that had either reverted to Jewish control during the inter-revolt period, or had been appropriated by the Bar Kokhba state

Artistic, epigraphic, and numismatic evidence indicates that Roman authorities resettled post-revolt Judea with a diverse population comprising several components. Aelia Capitolina, administrative hubs, and sites along major roads were settled by army veterans and immigrants from the empire's western provinces. Simultaneously, the rural countryside of Judea was repopulated by migrants from the coastal plain and neighboring provinces, such as Syria, Phoenicia, and Arabia, along with settlers from the western part of the empire.

These repopulation tactics of Rome Is how the original Israelite genetics and Y haplogroups were replaced by foreigners. The Babylonians had done the same thing as well, replacing Jewish populations with foreigners from Cutha, Ava, and Hammath.

This is why overtime, haplogroup J has become a predominant lineage amongst many Semitic populations that were originally E.

Numbers vary through different accounts but after this massive genocide, it is predicted that 500,000 to 1 million Jews were killed during these wars which leads me to my theory.

The E1a Theory

If you observe the modern distribution of E1a, it is quite unorthodox compared to other “E” lineages. Even though it originated in Africa but can be found in Eurasia as well, no matter where it is recorded at in modern time, it always appears as a minority amongst a greater collective.

From inception of E1a lineages in the Green Sahara Era, to the Sahara drying up, the migration to the levant, and the back migration into Africa, along the Mediterranean coast, E1a was likely just as populous as its other “E” counterparts.

Before modern E1a migrated to the western Mediterranean and Sahel, it was an Eastern Mediterranean people, living in the Maghreb and Levant, resulting in these populations being in the center of the Jewish Roman wars.

The reported numbers of Jewish casualties reaching millions in some accounts, this could have been the catalyst to what drastically reduced E1a’s presence in the modern world.

Only men are sent out to war, and men carry the Y-DNA, so their heavy demise in these battles, as well as civilians, and those who fired assimilating or being absorbed into new communities, may have nearly decimated and displaced the people occupying these regions.

Heavy male casualties: If many men from a particular lineage are killed before having sons, that Y-haplogroup becomes less common in future generations. • Conquest and replacement: If a conquering group kills or displaces many local men and fathers children with local women, the Y-DNA landscape can shift dramatically while much of the autosomal ancestry remains local. • Captivity and enslavement: Men may be killed, prevented from having descendants, or moved far from their original population, reducing the lineage in its homeland. Population bottlenecks: Wars combined with famine or disease can drastically reduce the number of surviving male lines. Some lineages disappear entirely by chance.

Result

So ultimately similar to the Jews who fled Babylonian exile, the Jewish Roman wars resulted in another wave of Jews dispersing throughout Eurasia and North Africa during the 1st and 2nd century AD.

They’d likely assimilate into older Jewish communities from the Babylonian and Phoenician era, but also creating their own communities as well.

Becoming a blessing in disguise, the Jews were now strategically positioned to monopolize trade in Europe, North / East Africa, the Middle East and Asia.

With them being scattered in each region, a merchant guild would arise who were a network of Jewish traders who used the widespread Jewish diaspora communities across the Mediterranean, Middle East, Central Asia, and beyond to facilitate long-distance trade. They relied on shared religious and cultural connections, local Jewish communities, and multilingual abilities to move goods between different kingdoms, where those goods were then sold through local markets and commercial partners.

Throughout the 8th and 10th century AD, these Jewish merchants would be called Radhanites.

Radhanites

They were early medieval Jewish merchants, active in the trade between Christendom and the Muslim world during roughly the 8th to the 10th centuries. Many trade routes previously established under the Roman Empire continued to function during that period, largely through their efforts. Their trade network covered much of Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and parts of India and China.

The refugees from the Jewish-Roman wars and Babylonian exile, who settled places like Iraq and Persia, would be the ones to penetrate Eastern and Southern Asia.

Ibn Khordadbeh described the Radhanites as sophisticated and multilingual. He outlined four main trade routes used by the Radhanites in their journeys;[2] all four began in the Rhone Valley in southern France and terminated on China's east coast. Radhanites primarily carried commodities that combined small bulk and high demand, including spices, perfumes, jewelry, and silk. They are also described as transporting oils, incense, steel weapons, furs, and slaves.

Though the Radhanites were Jews, it is highly likely they absorbed some Phoenician and Carthagian DNA from the Mediterranean.

Since E1a can be found in both Phoenicians and Israelites, it is also likely that some Radhanites descend from Phoenicians and Carthaginians who converted to Judaism.

Several etymologies have been suggested for the word "Radhanite". Many scholars, including Barbier de Meynard and Moshe Gil, believe it refers to a district in Mesopotamia called "the land of Radhan" in Arabic and Hebrew texts of the period.

Another hypothesis suggests that the name might be derived from the city of Ray (Rhages) in northern Iran. Still others think the name possibly derives from the Persian terms rah "way, path" and dān"one who knows", meaning "one who knows the way".

Two western Jewish historians, Cecil Roth and Claude Cahen, have suggested a connection to the name of the Rhône River valley in France, which is Rhodanusin Latin and Rhodanos (Ῥοδανός) in Greek. They claim that the center of Radhanite activity was probably in France as all of their trade routes began there.

Realistically, Iraq may or may not have been the origin of of the Radhanites, but it definitely would be the perfect dispersal point to control trade and this could have been accomplished in two ways.

1. From Iraq there is a geographical branch off point that allows traders to move westward into the Mediterranean (Southern Europe / North Africa) and greater Europe, which would indeed take them into the Rhône River region of France.

⁃ Traders moving eastward from Iraq can move through Persia and greater Asia.

⁃ Traders moving south can move through the Levant, Mediterranean, Arabian Peninsula and East Africa.

2. Another way the Radhanites could have emerged is as an allied merchant guild, where all the traders throughout the Babylonian / Jewish Roman wars diaspora formed an alliance. The European and Mediterranean merchants would be the western branch of the Radhanites, while the Egyptian, Levantine, Arabian and Persian would be the eastern branch.

⁃ Through this, they could dominate the trade in their local regions, import, export and deliver domestically or internationally, and do business with one another or foreign entities simultaneously. In the end as a unified collective they’d have an international business enterprise while each business sector or region of the world is managed by their own.

Radhanite-Yemen Connection

The Radhanites may have also expanded into the Himyarite Kingdom of Yemen as well. These merchants were often known to marry the daughters of local Kings and chiefs to gain more access to political and trading power.

The Jewish influence became so strong in the kingdom that it would become the state religion in the 4th century.

Trade was already well established by the 3rd century AD, with Yemen supplying the Roman Empire with frankincense and myrrh.

Furthermore, the late 1st century AD writer Pliny the Elder mentioned that the kingdom was one of "the richest nations in the world". It was a hub of international trade, linking the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and India.

The trade linking East Africa with the Mediterranean world largely consisted of exporting ivory from Africa to be sold in the Roman Empire. Ships from Ḥimyar regularly travelled along the East African coast, and the state also exerted significant cultural, religious, and political influence over the trading cities of East Africa, whilst the cities of East Africa remained independent.

Himyars trade hub is almost identical to where the refugees of the Jewish Roman war settled and began trading as well. An exponential amount of Jews specifically settled Himyar after the Bar Kokhba revolt.

Musnad texts mention five royal palaces at Himyars capital, Zafar: Hargab, Kallanum, Kawkaban, Shawhatan and Raydan.

Raydan was the ruling house of the kingdom, and their capital was Zafar.

It is possible that the proto Radhanites may have married into a local house between the 2nd 3rd century AD that would form the house of Raydan.

Raydan was the name of a great fortress and state palace erected at Zafar, the new center of power in the mountains with direct access and control of the sea trade.

From account of a a ninth-century Jewish merchant, traveler, and philologist, Eldad ben Maḥli ha-Dani

“The Tribe of Ephraim and half of the Tribe of Manasseh dwell in the mountains of Southern Arabia.”

Both the Kingdom of Saba, the predecessor to Kingdom of Himyar, were centered in the southwestern highlands of Arabia.

Radhanite E1a Connection

After the Jewish Roman wars, E1a1 or E-M44 would predominantly be a part of the western branch of the Radhanites in Europe and the Maghreb but also be a part of the Yemeni community in the east

E1a2 or E-Z958 would occupy the eastern branch of Radhanites in Egypt, Iraq, and southern Arabia, then later the African Sahel and parts of the Maghreb.

This is not just speculation but can be scientifically proven by the geographic distribution of E1a in the same regions as Jewish Refugees after the Roman era, and greater Radhanites activity in these regions as well.

E1a1 (E-M44)

The E1a1 Jews who migrated west of the Mediterranean after the Kitos War would settle in the region once known as Germania Superior.

Germania comprised an area of today's western Switzerland, the French Jura and Alsace regions, as well as southwestern Germany.

Archaeological evidence discovered a Jewish presence in the French region of Provence since at least the 1st century.

Provence stretches from the left bank of the lower Rhône to the west of the Italian border to the east; it is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south.

Other French Jewish centers also included : • Arles • Narbonne • Marseille • Lyon

The Rhône river that the Radhanites operated within, runs through both Arles and Lyon.

The first authentic document relating to a large and well-organized Jewish community in these regions dates from 321 CE

And refers to Cologne, Germany on the Rhine river Which runs through Switzerland, Austria, Germany, and Netherlands.

The countries along the Rhine are all regions where E-M44 is distributed, according to FTDNA & Yfull data.

The Jews settled in the Germania regions of France and Switzerland, were carriers of :

E-Y63256, a subclade of E-M44.

E-M44 : Schaffhausen E-Y63256

Black Death

The Extensive occupation of the Jews In Switzerland can also be exhibited through the 14th century “black death” epidemic.

In 1306 the French treasure was nearly empty, so the king condemned the Jews to banishment, and took forcible possession of their property, Their houses, lands, and movable goods were sold at auction; and for the king were reserved any treasures found buried in the dwellings that had belonged to the Jews.

Some of the Jews were able to take refuge in Spain and the Savoy province of modern day Switzerland.

From 1348-1351 the Jews were accused of poisoning wells in their communities, which ultimately led to the bubonic plague, known as the Black Death.

The Jews were often disliked and subject to persecution because most people in the communities they resided in were in outstanding debts to Jewish lenders.

The accusations regarding poisoning wells formed because they were less affected than others since many Jews chose not to use the common wells which were located in towns and cities. Additionally, Jews were sometimes coerced to confess to poisoning wells through torture.

Anti-Semitism had already been rampant prior to this, but these new accusations only added fuel to the fire for the following decades.

This caused Jews from the Switzerland city of Schaffhausen to be exiled for 20-30 years.

Their houses were taken over by the city or the Austrian dukes, while all debts owed to the Jews were declared settled. Twenty years passed, and the Jews managed to settle in the city again.

The Jews were accused again, this time of ritual murder. At the time of Easter of 1401, a boy, four-year-old Konrad Lori, son of the city council member Hermann Lori, was brutally murdered.

The probable perpetrator, a Christian man, was apprehended as he was trying to flee. The man, who could then only expect a death sentence under those circumstances, started to make baseless claims, claiming that he was instigated by the Jews to commit the murder.

30 Jews were sentenced to death after cruel torture, and burned on 25 June 1401 and this would become known as the Schaffhausen Massacre.

Schaffhausen is where the highest concentration of their descendants who stayed or returned is. They were E1a carriers through E-M44 which can be seen under the subclade E-Y63256.

This is also the same city where the statue of the black moorish king Kaspar was erected in 1520, further affirming their presence and continuation.

E-M44 : Himyar E-Z17699

E-M44 can be found amongst the Jewish Refugees previously referenced, that assimilated into pre existing Jewish communities in Yemen and the Himyari royal houses that potentially formed Dhu Raydan.

Haplogroup E-Z17699 carriers have been recorded in the town of Dhale, which is today the capital of the Dhale governorate.

Before the rise of Islam, Dhale had a Jewish community that were merchants and producers of cotton thread.

Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhale

Tanukhid E-A7710

E-M44 subclade E-A7710 can also be found amongst Jews who assimilated into Arabian groups such as the Azd and Quda’a, who would later go on to take over the Tanukhid confederation.

The Tanukhids were a group of Arab tribes, sometimes characterized as Saracens. They first rose to prominence in northern Arabia and southern Syria in the 2nd century CE

This group would later migrated to Lebanon

The Tanukhids were Christianised in the 3rd or 4th centuries, likely while in the eastern half of the Fertile Crescent.

After the 5th century AD, Christian monks who were followers of a hermit named Maron, arrived from the Orontes valley in Northern Syria and began preaching their religion to the inhabitants of the northernmost parts of the mountain range.

They were described as. "zealous Christian soldiers" in the 6th century.

In the 7th century, during the Muslim conquest of the Levant, the Tanukhids fought with the Romans against the Muslims, including in the Battle of Yarmouk.

From the 7th - 10th century, the region would be converted to Islam by Shia Muslims, who would go onto form the Druze religion, centered in mount Lebanon and Galilee.

By the 14th century, the central parts of Mount Lebanon were described as a Tanukhid stronghold, housing both Druze and Shiite Muslims.

The Shia population decreased over time and were driven to settle in Southern Lebanon and the Bekaa valley

Both the Mount Lebanon and Beka communities are carriers of E-A7710 and can still be found today amongst the Shiite, Maronite, and Druze today.

Exploring haplogroup E-M132: An Overview | Course Hero

E-M132 YTree

Western Europe E-Z17697

Jewish Refugees would also carry E1a deeper into the Mediterranean, the Aegean, and Black Sea but settle across multiple European nations in general.

This group is represented by haplogroup E-Z17697.

Based on the distribution data of E-M44 on FTDNA,

Those who stayed closest to the Levant settled in Cyprus

And the migration further west would lead others into Greece

Those who settled along the coast of the Aegean would end up in the Kingdom of Crimea.

In “Commentary on Obadiah (20.21)”, Jerome recorded a Jewish tradition that Hadrian settled Jewish captives in the Cimmerian Bosporus, a client kingdom of Rome located in eastern Crimea and the Taman Peninsula,

Modern day Crimea is a part of Ukraine, this is why haplo E-Y35994 can be found there today.

From Crimea they would split up into two groups :

Those who continued north of Crimea would settle Belarus, Lithuania and Latvia.

The descendants of this migration are carriers of haplogroup E-Y80883. (Yfull)

Another group would end up further west in countries like Poland, Germany, Netherlands and France, which lines up with the Rhine river settlements of Jews carrying haplo E-Y63256. (FTDNA)

The Second group that came out of Crimea would settle Romania,Ukraine, Austria, Hungary and Slovakia.

Western Mediterranean & Iberia

The Jews who migrated to the western Mediterranean would settle Italy, Iberia and England. The Muslims and Maghrebi Jews would meet them there.

These Jewish migrants were a mixture of Post Kokhba Refugees from the 2nd century AD and Maghrebi Jews descended from different eras, who accompanied the Muslim Moors into Europe in the early 8th century AD, during the moorish invasion.

The golden age of Jewish culture began 711 AD in Al Andalusia, which comprised of modern day Spain, Portugal, and Southern France.

The E1a carriers who settled in Iberia and later faced persecution are descendants of haplo E-Z17467.

While the Muslims played the Administrative role, the Jews acted as Treasurers, Bankers, lenders, merchants and nobleman. They were given Dimni status by the Muslims or protected status, because they were considered “People Of The Book” considering the Jews are people of the old testament, a predecessor to the Quran.

The Muslim elite began to face heavy push back from their Christian European subjects by the 11th century.

The Europeans would finally regain power in the late 15th century after the fall of Granada.

The Iberian monarchs would then issue the edict of expulsion, better known as the “Alhambra Decree”, stating that all Muslim and Jewish moors had the ultimatum of converting to Catholicism or forced exile from the kingdoms they inhabited.

Taking any valuable possessions such as gold, silver etc was restricted and seized by Spanish officials, along with any properties and assets etc.

Much of this seized wealth was used to fund the Spanish expeditions into the Americas.

The Moors who were converted would become known as “Marranos” and many would be forced to accompany Spanish explorers as navigators, translators and auxiliaries in the new world, because the moors already had international trade relations, which gave them familiarity with lands and cultures that the Europeans were not yet exposed to.

One Famous Moor, by the name of Pedro Alonso Nino, piloted the Santa Maria during Christopher Columbus first voyage to the Americas as well as his third voyage when he went to Trinidad.

Niño was born in Moguer, Spain and was known as El Negro. His father was Juan Nino, a Spanish sailor, and his mother was of African descent.

According to the folklore, Juan Nino was one of the captured Moorish sailors in the Ghanaian settlement Elmina. He sired four famous sailor children namely Pedro Alonso, Francisco, Juan, and one other Niño.

Much of what is now the Southern United States was claimed by Spain, some of it at least explored by the Spanish starting in the early 1500s, and some permanent settlements established. Spanish explorers claimed land for the crown in the modern-day states of Alabama, Arizona, the Carolinas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, New Mexico, Texas, and California.

On Yfull haplo E-Z17467 is also represented by DNA samples from Cuba and some American states. Cuban Jewish history possibly begins in 1492 with the arrival of the second expedition of Christopher Columbus to the Americas. Columbus was accompanied on that voyage by interpreter Luis de Torres, who may have been a Jewish converso. Some Jews fleeing Portuguese-ruled Brazil in the 17th century settled in Cuba and despite inquisitions and persecutions, Jewish merchants based in Cuba engaged in flourishing international trade in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Portugal

After the Alhambra decree in Spain, most Jews would initially go to Portugal to take refuge.

Unfortunately King Manuel I of Portugal would also end up making a decree to banish the Jews from the country in 1496.

Several important Portuguese-Jewish families settled in the Azores in the 15th century, shortly after the islands were discovered by the Portuguese. Jews fled from mainland Portugal to the Azores to escape the Inquisition.

The descendants of this Inquisition are carriers of haplo E-Z20646.

King Manuel I reinstated the Braganzas on 18 June 1496, but forced their heirs to expel the Jews from Bragança, resulting in the departure of hundreds of the inhabitants that had supported and promoted the town. They would likely join the community in Azores, as well as many other places.

In the same year The King also deported 2000 children to Cape Verde, São Tomé and Principe.

Those in Cape Verde would form their own communities or settle amongst Jewish merchants known as Lancados, in the Senegambia, Guinea and Sierra Leone who self exiled themselves during Spain’s decree.

Those who were sent to São Tomé y Principe would assimilate into Villi community as merchants in The Kingdom of Loango.

So there is likely a undocumented subclade of E-Z20646 descendants who currently reside in São Tomé & Principe, Republic of Congo, and possibly D.R.C, the coastline of south west Africa, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Cameroon, and the Biafra region of Nigeria.

In 1497 The initial edict of expulsion was turned into an edict of forced conversion in whereby Portuguese Jews were prevented from leaving the country and were forcibly baptized and converted to Christianity. Those who remained on the mainland of Portugal could be found in the various regions such as Braganca.

Expulsion E-Z17467 & E-FT118722

After the 1492 / 96 expulsion from Iberia, there would be groups that back migrated through the Mediterranean, the Maghreb, West Africa and Middle East. (FTDNA) (Yfull)

Many Spanish Jews fled to the Ottoman Empire where they had been given refuge. Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire, learning about the expulsion of Jews from Spain, dispatched the Ottoman Navy to bring the Jews safely to Ottoman lands, mainly to the cities of Salonika (currently Thessaloniki, now in Greece) and Smyrna (now known in English as İzmir, currently in Turkey)

Carriers of haplo E-FT118722 would flee into the Maghreb, Mali, the Senegambia and as far as Saudi Arabia.

West Africa E-Z17467

Those who were deported or self exiled to Morocco from Iberia, would begin mixing with native / Judeo-Berbers living in the Moroccan and Algerian Sahara. This is why E1a can be found today in Moroccan Berbers, Kabyle Berbers and Sahrawi people of the Western Sahara.

Contemporary accounts describe the severe hardships initially faced by these refugees in North African lands. Solomon ibn Verga recorded instances of starvation so extreme that people resorted to eating grass, while Judah ibn Hayyat described seeking refuge from the cold by burrowing into garbage heaps.

These hardships may have caused some to descend farther into Sub Saharan Africa, settling Senegambia and Mali.

Lancados E-Z17467

Those who went into the upper Guinea region of Africa were Portuguese Jews who would become known as Lançados, which means

“The thrown out ones” who were usually self exiled or fled persecution after the 1492-96 Iberian decrees.

Much early commerce along the Upper Guinea coastline was conducted by lançados who sailed from Sierra Leone to

Sao Domingos, north of Guinea Bissau capital.

But they would also make heavy contact with the markets of Kaabu as well alongside the Jakhanke.

34% of the Jola in Guinea Bissau are E1a carriers

12% of the Wolof and Balanta of the Senegambia are E1a carriers as well.

It is said they adopted local African customs such as tattooing and scarification. Their religious beliefs were likewise a mix of Catholicism, West African Vodun, and ancestor worship.

Vodun is specifically practiced in Ghana, Togo, Benin and Nigeria, which means the Lancados settled behind the Senegambia, Guinea and Sierra Leone.

From the late 16th to early 17th centuries—lancados started trading with the Susu and Mandé peoples. They lived relatively far inland. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, lançados and their descendants controlled local commerce in the inland regions of Guinea.

During the early 17th century, a group of Portuguese Jewish traders would form their own communities in the Serer precolonial Kingdom of Sine–in the town of Joal-Fadiouth and elsewhere along the Petite Côte in the region of Senegambia, trading with West Africa, Portugal, and the Netherlands

Despite the opposition of Catholic Portuguese government, the Jews of Joal-Fadiouth were protected by the local chief and were allowed to openly practice their religion.

Mali E-Z17467

The Jews who went to Mali would settle Timbuktu, but face persecution by the Songhai king, Askia Muhammad, who threatened that they convert to Islam or face death if they do not leave the region.

While some Jews chose to convert to Islam, the majority fled. In 1526, the Berber Andalusi historian Leo Africanus described the ruler's persecution of the Jewish.

“The king (Askia) is a declared enemy of the Jews. He will not allow any to live in the city. If he hears it said that a Berber merchant frequents them or does business with them, he confiscates his goods. “

Those who fled would settle the Bani Israel site that the Zaghawa-Jakhanke once made home, and remand it Tindirma.

Others would assimilate amongst the Dogon.

Dogon Jews

When referring to E1a the biggest mention that is often made is the haplogroups relation to the Dogon, who hold the highest frequency of E1a carriers in Africa and are known to posses knowledge about astronomy, Extra terrestrials, and stars like Sirius B, that they have been aware of since before modern technology or exposure to western contact

In reality no one has pinpointed the true connection between E1a and the Dogon.

After Askia Muhammad banished the Jews from Timbuktu and other regions he had conquered such as Djenné, he would attempt to convert locals to Islam or force them into exile.

The Dogon would begin evading Islamic conversion between the 14th-16th century and eventually leave the Southwestern part of Mali to settle the Bandiagara cliffs.

Djenné & Bandiagara Are both located in the Mopti region of Mali.

It is also highly possible that a mass majority of the Jews from Djenné took refuge in the Bandiagara cliffs where they were welcomed and assimilated into the Dogon.

This is why 45% of the population are carriers of E1a and 43% of the population are carriers of E-P1.

E-P1 is the or at least one of the primary indigenous haplogroups of the Dogon, that stem from an earlier migration.

The Dogon were relatively undisturbed by medieval jihadist and French colonial powers due to natural tunnels weaving through the Bandiagara Escarpment. Only the Dogon knew how to maneuver the tunnels, and were able to use them to ambush and repel aggressors.

The E1a carrying Jews fully assimilated into Dogon culture, and their survival and reproduction rate was probably higher than other E1a communities because of Bandiagaras seclusion and unpredictable terrain for outsiders and potential threats.

As the centuries continued, Islam would eventually reach them and they would progressively become Muslim, but mostly retain Dogon religion.

England E-Z17467

The English Jews descend from Israelite Refugees from the Jewish Roman war.

England originally expelled its Jewish population in 1290 under Edict of Expulsion during the reign of Edward I. For centuries afterward, Jews were officially banned from openly living in England.

Later, after the expulsions from Spain and Portugal:

• Alhambra Decree forced many Sephardic Jews out of Spain. • Portugal followed with forced conversions and persecution.

Some Sephardic Jews and conversos (crypto-Jews/New Christians) eventually made their way to England indirectly through places like:

• the Netherlands • Italy • the Ottoman imperial state • and North African trade networks.

By the mid-1600s, under Oliver Cromwell, Jews were informally allowed back into England during the “Resettlement” period. Many of these were Sephardic Jews with roots in Spain, Portugal, the Maghreb, or the Ottoman world. London developed a notable Sephardic merchant community tied into Atlantic and Mediterranean trade.

Those who went to or were already settled in England were known as “Blackamoors”. From as early as 1596, Queen Elizabeth I complained about the presence of "blackamoores" in London, likely referring to the recent influx of Sephardic Jews. Some of them did not attain the same or any financial status in England and would be referred to as “ The Black Poor Of London”.

Some of them would also be recruited, during the Sierra Leone resettlement scheme of 1787 to remove the remaining Moorish populations. They would found the city of Granville town in Sierra Leone, which would be destroyed by the native Temne who the settlers had attacked for resources, upon their initial arrival in the country.

The remaining survivors would assimilate into the Nova Scotian setters who would arrive in 1792 to form Freetown.

Italy

Haplo E-FT363951 are descendants of Jewish captives from Jewish Roman wars and Spanish Jews who escaped to Italy.

After the First Jewish Revolt (66–73/74 CE) and the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–136 CE), large numbers of Jews were brought from Judaea to Italy as slaves, in keeping with common Roman practice of enslaving prisoners of war and populations of defeated peoples. As a result, most of the Jewish population in Italy in the following period is thought to have originated from these captives

The exiles found protection under Ferdinand I of Naples in Apulia, Calabria and Naples.

Calabria had had a Jewish community since the 4th century,which would be derived from the Jewish Roman War migrants, but In 1524 Jews were expelled from there, And fled to Sardinian capital, Cagliari, where they would settle.

There is evidence for Jews from Alexandria settling in Milan, Italy between 3rd century CE to 8th century CE as well.

Other descendants would settle in the region of Palermo, which was the capital of the Sicily Emirate.

E1a2 (E-Z958)

Haplogroup E-Z958, the sister lineage of E-M44, would produce carriers who existed in the western sect but were predominantly from the eastern branch of the Radhanites. These E1a carriers occupied Egypt, the Maghreb, the Levant, Arabia, Iraq, and possibly Persia.

Albania E1a2 was present in the western branch but at a lesser rate than E-M44 from what is currently documented.

Haplogroup E-Y197644, a subclade of E1a2 has been shown to appear in Albania, which is not a common place for ancient or modern E1a carriers in Africa or abroad in the diaspora.

According to historian Apostol Kotani (Albania and the Jews):[1] "Jews may have first arrived in Albania as early as 70 C.E. as captives on Roman ships that washed up on the country's southern shores... descendants of these captives that would build the first synagogue in the southern port city of Sarandë in the fifth century.

The next wave would appear after the Alhambra decree.

E1a2 Radhanites

In the 8th century the Radhanites were already dominating trade in Europe, North Africa the Middle East and Asia, but they would then set their sites on accomplishing the same feats in the sub Saharan Sahel.

Sephardic, Ashkenazi and Mizrahi are well known Jewish branches but the Radhanites who entered Africa would become Sahelian Jews aka the Jews of the Bilad al-Sudan (Judeo-Arabic: אַהַל יַהוּדּ בִּלַדּ אַל סוּדָּן, who migrated to West Africa as merchants for trading opportunities.

They predate their E-M44 bredren who would not deeply penetrate Africa on a massive level until the 15th century.

Between the 7th and 8th century a confederation of Jewish, Arab, East African and possibly Persian merchants would form.

As they spread across the Sahel they would become known as the Zaghawa.

This caravan consisted of the E1a, E1b, E1b1a, R1b, T1a and J.

These groups groups would be the founding lineages of the Zaghawa in both the eastern and western Sahel / Maghreb. E1b would be the dominant lineage amongst this group.

Fadiga

Former Jakhanke leader Dougoutigo Fadiga and Egyptian historian Al-Marquizi describe an oral tradition that aligns with this ancient migration into Africa.

Fadiga is from a small village in Senegal called Bani Israel.

On account of the former leader in 2013, their arrival goes back roughly “1000 years ago”, which means that they most likely descend from Radhanite Jews and the greater Zaghawa who arrived between the 7th & 8th century, 13-1400 years ago.

According to Fadiga, he goes on to say

"We don't like to talk too much about our Jewish background, but we don't hide it either. We know our people came from Egypt to Somalia, and from there to Nigeria, where they split about 1,000 years ago. One branch of the two families went to Mali, another to Guinea, and we settled here. (Senegal) "

This migration may not have happened all in one go but likely through a progressive period of time.

Egypt Alexandria

Egypt has been connected to E-Z958 since :

⁃ The Green Sahara Era (Pre,during,post)

⁃ Early Canaanite’s of Old Kingdom Era in Egypt acted as wine exporters and the Genomes from the Neolithic/Chalcolithic Levant made a small contribution to the gene pool.

⁃ Phoenicians would buy Nubian gold and sell wine from the Caucasus to Egypt. They’d also form their own community in Memphis.

⁃ Phoenician/Jews settled in Alexandria in the 4th century AD, after it became a major trade hub and place of religious freedom

⁃ During Jewish Roman Wars the Alexandrian Jews fought in the Kitos war

By the late third century, there is substantial evidence of reestablished Jewish communities in Egypt. A papyrus from Oxyrhynchus, dated to 291 CE, confirms the existence of an active synagogue and identifies one of its officials as having come from Palestine where E-Z958 can be found as well

Following the Muslim conquest of Egypt starting in 641, Jews were allowed to return to the city; according to some Arab sources, the city had some 400,000 around the time of the conquest.

Many Jews in 8th-century Alexandria were involved in Mediterranean trade and had connections with communities in the Levant, North Africa, Iraq, and later the wider Islamic world. This was the exact same era in which the Radhanite merchant networks were emerging and they would have followed the waves into the Sahel for economic opportunity.

Fadiga and his community may descend from this specific group, as they have proclaimed to be Egyptian Jews.

Horn of Africa

Somalia Berbera

Fadiga’s mention of Somalia would have likely been a reference to the Berbera merchants of Somaliland

Berbera was part of the classical Somali city-states that engaged in a lucrative trade network connecting Somali merchants with merchants with Phoenicia, Ptolemic Egypt, Ancient Greece, Parthian Persia, Nabataea the Roman Empire and Yemen (Saba-Himyar).

Somali sailors used an ancient maritime vessel known as the beden to transport their cargo.

In Abu'l-Fida's A Sketch of the Countries(Arabic: تقويم البلدان), the present-day Gulf of Aden was called the Gulf of Berbera, which shows how important Berbera was in both regional and international trade during the medieval period.

These merchants likely would have been the East Africans who joined the Zaghawa caravan and introduced the T1a lineage.

Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, it is possible that they mixed with the Agaw people and this is possibly where the confederation would adopt the name “Zaghawa”, which may be derived from the Ge’ez phrase :

“Ze-Agaw”, meaning “Of the Agaw”

The Agaw peoples in general were historically noted by travelers and outside observers[6] to have practiced what some described as a “Hebraic religion”, though some also practiced Ethiopian Orthodoxy, and many were Beta Israel Jews.

Cosmas Indicopleustes also noted in his Christian Topography that a major gold trade route passed through the region "Agau". The area referred to seems to be an area west of the Tekezé River and just south of the Semien Mountains, perhaps around Lake Tana.

Dispersal Point

Once the caravan entered into the Darfur region of Sudan they would make western Sudan, Eastern Chad and southern Libya their base and split up into two directions

MAGREB Northern Zaghawa

Those who went north of Darfur into Libya would spread throughout the rest of the western Maghreb, becoming Berber tribes like the Sanhaja and its sub groups, such as the Zawawa, Lamtuna (Almoravids), Godala, Masinissa, Tuareg and also produce later Mediterranean dynasties such as the Zirids, Hammadid, Fatimid, Taifa of Alpuenta / Granada the kingdom of Ait Abbas, and the Kingdom of Kuku.

Besides the Sanhaja, the Zaghawa would also form the Zenata. One specific subgroup are the Jarawa.

Ibn Khaldun claimed they were Jewish and according to Mohamed Talbi, they’d later convert to Christianity. The Berber tribe ruled in northwest Africa before and during the 7th century. Under queen Dihya, the tribe led the Berber resistance against the UmayyadIslamic invasion in the late 7th century.

Another subgroup of the Zenata are the Banu Wasin, who expanded into Egypt and became known as Siwi Berbers and are also carriers of E1a as well to a small degree.

Daggatun Northern Zaghawa

In Algeria the Zaghawa would form the Daggatun. They were a nomadic tribe of Jewish origin living in the neighborhood of Tamentit, in the oasis of Tuat in the Algerian Sahara, but also resided in Timbuktu and as far as Niger.

Their communities would have been a mixture of both Maghrebi and Sahelian Zaghawa.

An account of the Daggatun was first given by Rabbi Mordechai Abi Serour of Akka (Morocco), who in 1857 journeyed through the Sahara to Timbuctu, and whose account of his travels was published in the "Bulletin de la Société de Géographie". According to Rabbi Sarur, the Daggatun lived in tents and resembled the Tuareg, among whom they live, in language, religion, and general customs.

They are subject to the Tuaregs, who initially did not intermarry with them. Rabbi Sarur also states that their settlement in the Sahara dates from the end of the 7th century (Muslim chronology) when 'Abd al-Malik ascended the throne and conquered as far as Morocco. At Tamentit he tried to convert the inhabitants to Islam; and as the Jews offered great resistance he exiled them to the desert of Ajaj, as he did also the Tuaregs, who had only partially accepted Islam. Cut off from any connection with their brethren, some of these Jews in the Sahara gradually lost their Jewish practises and became nominally Muslims

The Zaghawa that settled in the Maghreb were carriers of haplogroup E1B from Al-Arab Al Ariba Southern Arabians and haplogroup J from Muta Ariba Arab tribes.

Sahel

Toubou Those who settled Chad, Libya and Niger would become the Toubou.

According to a study published in The American Journal of Human Genetics(Haber et al. 2016) that examined Y-DNA haplogroups from samples obtained from 75 Toubou men, haplogroups associated with paternal Eurasian ancestry were present at rates of 34% for R1b (R1b-V88), 31% for T1a, and 1% for J1. The North African associated haplogroup E-M78 were present at rates of 28%, while E-M81 appeared at a rate of 5%.

The Somali merchants from Berbera would bring in T1a

Muta’Ariba Arabians brought J1

East and West Africans brought E1b1a

Southern Arabians and local North Africans would bring in E-M81 and E1b

And these same haplo groups would spread into other Zaghawa kingdoms and nations as well, but the further west into Africa one goes the more dominant the E lineages become.

Kanem Borno Central Sahelian Zaghawa

From Egypt and Somalia, Fadiga mentions Nigeria next which would require a westward migration across the Sahel.

The Zaghawa who settled in western Sudan, Chad, southern Libya, Niger, northeast Nigeria and parts of Cameroon, would form the first dynasty of Kanem Bornu in the 8th century, called the Doguwa, according to the royal chronicle of Girgam.

According to the Girgam, Kanem Borno descends from the Himyarite Jewish ruler Saif ibn Dhi Yazan al-Himyari through the Doguwa ruler Susam aka Sef who was likely a great grandson or nephew of Yazan. Once these Yemenite Jewish groups intermixed with the people of greater African, their children would likely adopt a religion that was a mixture of Judaism synchronized with traditional African cosmologies until Islam took over the region.

They’re carriers of E1b1a & R1b predominantly

Hausa Central Sahelian Zaghawa

From the Zaghawa of Kanem Bornu, it's possible that a piece of the proto - Hausa would emerge known as the Maouri, a subgroup of the Hausa

The Maouri are considered a part of the "Habe" meaning of the pure Hausa groups prior to other admixtures. They would settle in Niger and Nigeria.

Theyre animist and worship the Doguwa spirits, which could be a continuation of the ancient Kanem Borno religion that the Doguwa dynasty practiced or synchronized with.

Like the Kanuri, early Hausa had Jewish links, which is why their symbol, the "Arewa Knot" is resemblant to Solomon's knot, as well as the Star of David or the Merkaba, but like Kanem, they had a mixture of traditionalist that worship the Doguwa spirits as well which may stem from the indigenous Chadian people groups that the Zaghawa mixed with and adopted practices from.

Like their Kanuri & Kanembu brethren, the Hausa are R1b and E1b1a dominant but would receive E1a carriers into their populations later on.

Bariba Central Sahelian Zaghawa

The Zaghawa that settled Nigeria and Benin would become the Bariba people. The Kanuri people are also referred to as “BariBari” and it is said that this could be where the people and name “Bariba” is derived from.

The Bariba, like the the Toubou, who are closely related to the Kanuri and Zaghawa, the Bariba also carry the haplogroup T1a which is rare in west Africa but common amongst the Toubou and Somali people in the east. This indicates that a portion of the Bariba ancestry may have come from the Somali of Berbera who joined the Zaghawa caravan westward.

The other half may have come from Sahelian, east Africa or South Arabian E lineages.

The Bariba describe their ancestors name as “Kisra”.

Two of the most prominent versions of the story depict Kisra as a challenger to Muhammad on the Arabian peninsula or as a Persian ruler who suffered a military defeat to the Byzantines in Egypt.

However, in some versions Kisra is not an individual person but a generalized title for the leader of the migration as it moved across Africa.

In reality if this person was a real figure in history, he would actually be more likely linked to Sassanian Era of Yemen which was Persian ruled, which is directly connected to the Kanem Borno ancestor Saif Dhi Yazan.

Saif was a Himyari King who allied with the Persians to expel the Aksumites from Yemen with the help of Sassanian King Khosrow I.

The name Khosrow means “renowned or of good fame”.

In Arabic Khosrow becomes “Kisra”.

After the Sassanian’s reconquered Yemen, Saif Dhi Yazan would be installed only as a vassal king and install Sassanian Governor’s instead of returning fully power and autonomy back to Himyar.

One of the main reasons behind the Sasanian conquest was due to their interest in dominating the trade route from Constantinople to India and the Far East, which was now possible with their authority established in Yemen.

The Iranian soldiers and bureaucrats started intermarrying with the local women in Sanaa and throughout Yemen; their offspring became known as the al-Abna.

After the overthrow and death of the last prominent Sasanian king (shah) Khosrow II in 628 AD, the Iranian nobles of Yemen made an alliance with the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and thus the country became part of the Islamic political structure.

This completely destroys the theory that the Kisra of the Bariba legend was an opposition to Muhammad, hence self exiled.

According to the 9th and 10th-century Iranian scholar al-Tabari, Khurrah Khosrow, the fourth governor of Sasanian Yemen, was replaced by the governor Badhan during the reign of Khosrow II due to the former's excessive assimilation into Arab society.

In Arabic this governors name would become “Khurrah Kisra”.

He was of Persian and Himyari mixed descent. If he was impeached and replaced for his “excessive assimilation into Arab society” and his Himyari ancestry came from Sanaa or Zafar, then he’d naturally be exposed to Yemeni Jewish and Merchant culture. If he or his descendants ever migrated into Africa, it could have been from the Zaghawa caravan.

So the Hausa and Bariba can be considered subgroups or offshoots of the greater Kanuri.

Mali Western Zaghawa

Kukiya The Zaghawa that went into Mali would give rise to the Yemeni Jew Za Al Yaman, who first found the small town of Kukiya.

Kukiya dominates a stretch of river between two rapids, making it an important stopping point on Trans-Saharan trade routes linking Borgu, Hausaland, and other Sub-Saharan regions with North Africa

Gao Gao would be the next settlement and become the foundation of the Gao empire where Za Al Yaman would establish the Za dynasty.

“Za” is also rendered Dya, Diā, Diu’a, Yā, Jā, Juwā Zuwā, and Zu’a

“Juwa” could actually be Yuh Hoo Ah - Yahua

“Diu’a” DYeh Hoo Ah - Yahhua

“Yah & Jah” are both common Hebrew prefixes referring to the Jewish God besides “El”.

Diu’a and Juwa could also be where the later name “Dyula/Juula” emerges from.

The prefix Dia” would be carried as an ethnonym by the Songhai Zaghawa who continued founding new settlements.

The migrant group that arrived in Kukiya and Gao with Za Al Yaman would likely intermix with the natives of the land and form the Songhai people.

The Songhai Empire has been variously translated in texts as Zagha, Zaghai, Zaghaya, Sughai, Zaghay, Zaggan, Izghan, Zaghawa, Zuwagha, Zawagha, Zauge, Azuagha, Azwagha, Sungee, Sanghee, Songhai, Songhay, Sughai, Zanghi, Zingani, Zanj, Zahn, Zaan Zarai, Dyagha, and possibly Znaga.

The funerary stelae records the names and dates of kings, some of whom claim descent from an ancestor named Zaghe.

These are all tributary names to their Zaghawa ancestry.

Remember that “Zaghawa” could be possibly derived from the Geez phrase “Ze-Agaw”. meaning they were “of the Agaw people “.

The Geez phrase “Ze-Agaw” is pronounced “Zeh - Gao” (Ethiopia | Eritrea)

The Gao empire in Mali that the Zaghawa formed could possibly be derived from the word “Agaw” but with the “A” being dropped and becoming “Gaw” (Gao).

Gao is also traditionally known as “KawKaw”. This is because Za Al Yaman likely came from the Himyari Royal house of Kawkaban.

During his generation, the capital of Himyar had already moved to Sana’a a few centuries prior.

Sana’a has been home to Jews since the Babylonian exile, as well as many other eras of refugees, including those who assimilated into Himyar after the Kokhba revolt.

There’s a town in Yemen called Shibam Kawkaban Aka Shibam Himyar, located within the realms of Sana’a. This is likely where Za Al Yaman and the Royal house of Kawkaban resided.

This is also why the Zaghawa have the alternative name of Zakhawa as well. The “Khawa” is derived from “Kaw” which becomes “Gao”

When Za led his people within thd Zaghawa confederation to Mali and established Gao, there was also a settlement called Gao-Sanay. Sanay could be the Africanized version of “Sana’a”, again pointing to their ancestral origin.

So Gao-Sanay would symbolize the merging of the Agaw (Gao) and the Himyar of Sana’a (Sanay)

Remember the Zaghawa started their expansion in Africa from Somalia in the city of BerBera,

The name Berbera comes from the Somali phrase beri-beri, meaning "occasionally". Before it became a major port city, Berbera was a seasonal settlement, only inhabited during cooler months.

The Zaghawa people of Sudan, Chad, Libya etc refer to themselves as Beri,

The Zaghawa-Kanuri people of Kanem Borno empire are sometimes referred to as “Barebari”,

The Zaghawa of Borgu in Nigeria and Benin call themselves “Bariba”,

And the Zaghawa of Songhai refer to themselves as “Ber” or “Beri”.

So from Somalia to Mali they have maintained this time all the way through.

All of the Zaghawa offshoots post Mali settlement would originate from Gao or be closely related to those from Gao settlement. The leaders of the groups who migrated from the Gao settlement were likely princes from the Za Dynasty, who became Kings in their own right, in the new communities they founded.

Tiraqqa

The Zaghawa would then found a settlement between Gao and modern day Timbuktu called Tiraqqa but aka Tombouze.

Before Timbuktu arose as a large commercial center, Tiraqqa would be its predecessor.

Tiraqqa was one of the great commercial centers of the region—a meeting place of caravans from Wagadou and Tadmakka in the 10th and 11th centuries.

Bani Israel 🇲🇱

The Zaghawa who continued into central Mali would be the Radhanites often mentioned in history that would settle outside of Timbuktu in the 8th century and found Bani Israel in modern day Tindirma (Pre Sephardic Refugee Settlement).

It is often confused as being a part of the Songhai empire, but Songhai would not take Timbuktu until the 15th century. And in the 8th century it would be Songhai’s ancestral predecessors, the Kingdom of Gao, whose Radhanite merchant class would inhabit regions around Timbuktu, but not necessarily penetrate the city itself.

At that time Timbuktu was barely a city, but more so of a pit stop for caravans that early Saharan traders and nomads would use.

The people of Bani Israel would be instrumental in the trans Saharan trade and even created new routes themselves.

Manuscript C of the Tarikh al-fattash describes a community called the Bani Israeel that in 1402 CE existed in Tindirma, possessed 333 wells, and had seven leaders: • Jabroot bin-Hashim • Thoelyaman bin-Abdel Hakim • Zeor bin-Salam • Abdel-latif bin-Solayman • Malik bin-Ayoob • Fadil bin-Mzar • Shaleb bin-Yousef

It is also stated that they had an army of 1500 men. Other sources say that other Jewish communities in the region were formed by migrations from Morocco, Egypt, and Portugal. When the Scottish explorer Mungo Park traveled through West Africa in the late 18th century he was informed by an Arab he met near Walata of there being many Arabic speaking Jews in Timbuktu whose prayers were similar to the Moors.

Those who would join them in the 15th-18th century would be Sephardic Jews.

Dia-Zaghari

The Zaghawa would also go south and found the town of Dia, which would be the genesis of the Diakhanké people, more commonly known today as “Jakhanke”. The water system provided a favorable route for trade between the southern and northern Sahara, making Dia as one of the key trade sites in the region.

Dia is also the name that Songhai Kings used.

Ibn Battuta : While traveling through western Sudan to the capital of the Kingdom of Mali in the 14th century, he mentions the place names of Zaghari and Zagha in his chronicle. Zagahari, which is assumed as a region in Dia, is described as a "big village inhabited by traders of Sudan called “Wanjarata” (Wangara),

With whom live a company of white men who are Kharijites of the Ibadi sect called “Saghanaghu” (Zaghanaghu) He also describes Zagha, which is identified as Dia, as having "a sultan, who owes obedience to the king of Mali and that its people are old in Islam". Thus, it provides testimony to the presence of the white trading community as well as to the history of Islam in the region.

When the Jakhanke-Zaghawa arrived in the 8th century they were originally Jews, hence why they continuously used “Ya” and “Ja” prefixes and named settlements after Israel, so this contradicts them being “Old in Islam”.

The Zaghanaghu white men who accompanied them were Muslim before the Zaghawa even made the migration to west Africa.

The Ibadi sect of Muslims originated from Kharijites.

In Arabia, they supported Ali ibn Abi Talib in his war against Muawiya I.

During the war, both sides fought at the:

• Battle of Siffin

Instead of continuing the battle to fully defeat Mu‘awiya, Ali agreed to:

• stop fighting temporarily, • and let negotiators/arbitrators decide the dispute.

Some of Ali’s own supporters got furious because they believed:

“Only God should decide who is right — not human negotiation.”

So they:

• abandoned Ali, • rebelled against him, • and became known as the Kharijites.

After breaking away from Ali ibn Abi Talib, the Kharijites believed they were defending what they saw as “pure” Islam.

Their main ideas were:

• leadership should belong to the most righteous Muslim, not necessarily someone from a powerful tribe or family, • rulers who sinned or ruled unjustly could lose legitimacy, • Muslims who committed major sins or betrayed God’s law could become unbelievers, • and unjust rulers should be fought against.

This Kharijite history and their presence in Dia is why historians broadly say “the people there are old in Islam”, rather than specifically identifying the Kharijites.

Many Jakhanke and Wangara had already converted to Islam between the 11th - 13th century, so by the time Ibn Battuta arrived in the 14th century, he likely assumed the people were uniformly Muslim since the beginning, when in reality the Jakhanke were only recent converts compared to the older Kharijites.

While the Jakhanke were haplogroup E1a and E1b1a, the “White men” that Battuta references are likely haplogroup J carrying, Arabian traders, from the Hijaz, where Ibadism originated.

These are the “Islamic Clerics” being referred to in early references of Dia.

Being in the Hijaz also would have gave them contact with Red Sea trade and established ties in east Africa before joining the Zaghawa caravan westwards.

The Jakhanke would become early players in major trade and the first to alert the attention of Wagadou.

Djenné

The Zaghawa would also settle Djenné between the 8th or 13th century. Djenné was rich in gold and salt and was also a major pit stop for goods and merchants in the trans Saharan trade that would arise. Djenné would also likely as an early penetration into the Bambouk gold deposits in Southeastern Mali and Western Senegal.

Wagadou The Zaghawa would also settle into Wagadou also known as the Ghana empire, where they would be famously referred to as “Wangara”.

They were merchants who specialized in the trade of Gold and salt, controlling most of the mines and facilitating the trans Saharan trade.

Senegambia & Guinea

Bani Israel II Western Zaghawa

A branch of the Zaghawa from Dia and Bani Israel In Mali would migrate into the upper Guinea and form a second Bani Israel settlement in the Ziguinchor region of Senegal, just as they did in the Timbuktu region.

The name " Ziguinchor " alone has Songhai elements within its etymology. The prefix "Ziguin" is likely derived from

"Zingani", which is another name or ethnonym for Songhai.

The people of Bani Israel in Senegal, trace their lineage to two clans "Sylla & Drame"

As the Zaghawa were traversing the Sahel, once they left Sudan and entered Chad, a branch of them would settle in the Ouaddai region of Sila, a province of Chad. The Zaghawa people of Chad have a community within Ouaddaï as well and their cousins branch in Sila are the Masalit people.

This indicates that the "Sylla Aka Silla" lineage of Mande West Africa, specifically in the Bani Israël community of Senegal, may descend from the Zaghawa who passed through the Sila region of Chad and settled in the Senegambia.

The Senegalese community is the branch Dogoutigou Fadiga is from. He is who gives us the foundation of this oral tradition to follow and dissect.

The Jakhanke-Zaghawa of the Sylla clan that did not settle Bani Israel II, or branched off from there, would found a new settlement called “Silla” and long the Senegal River Valley.

The 11th century Silla was the prominent trading center on the Senegal River. Al-Bakri described Silla as the capital of a ‘vast kingdom’ led by a ruler almost as grand as Ghana's/Wagadu's.

Takrur

Another Zaghawa group that would also settle along the Senegal river would form the Toucouleur people (Of Takrur).

The Toucouleur were likely a mixture of Jakhanke-Zaghawa, Fulani, Soninke and Serer.

Takrur was first mentioned in Arab sources in the 9th century under the name "Zaghi” which is derived from Zaghawa.

The ruling dynasty of Takrur were the Dya’ogo, which is derived from the Dia title that the Za dynasty of Gao used and that its offshoots carried into Dia (Mali) and the upper Guinea.

Takrur was a trading center, where gold from the Bambuk region, salt from the Awlil, and Sahel grain were exchanged for wool, copper, beads, and jewelry. The kingdom's cotton cloth was among its most renowned exports.

Wolof Western Zaghawa

According to Tariq M. A. Berry, author of the unknown Arabs, the Wolof, found in Senegal and Gambia, is an Arab tribe descended from Himyarite Arabs from Yemen. Their ancestor, Abu Bakr ibn 'Umar, is the cousin of Yousef ibn Tashfin and is from the Sanhaja Himyarite Arabs. In fact, the name of the country that they are widespread in, Senegal, was named after the Zenaga, which is derived from Sanhaja, a part of the greater Zaghawa.

This Yousef ibn Tashfin is the famous leader of the Almoravid dynasty that ruled Senegal, Mauritania, Morocco, and Andalusia (southern Spain) in the 11th century AD

Abu Bakr ibn 'Umar, the Sanhaja Himyarite ancestor of the Wolof, was also called Abu Dardai and he had a son named Ahmed (Amadu). This Ahmed (Amadu) was called Ndyayan Ndyay. John Ralph Willis says, "Tradition holds that Abu Dardai, the forerunner of Ndyadyan Ndyay (founder of the Wolof community in the Walo, Senegal) was descended from Murabitin (Almoravids). Again, Amadu Bubakar b. 'Umar (who took the name "Ndyadyan Ndyay"), first brak of the Walo, is seen as the son of the Almoravid amir Abu Bakr and a Torodo woman."217

The name Ndyayan Ndyay, given to the son of Abu Bakr ibn 'Umar, has the “Dia/Dya” prefix Dya in both the first and last name.

12% of Wolof in the Senegambia are carriers of E1a which is derived from both 8th century Radhanite-Zaghawa Jews of the Sahel and late 15th century Lancado Jews expelled from Iberia.

Guinea & Sierra Leone Southwestern Zaghawa

Guinea is the final destination of the Zaghawa In Fadiga’s migration story.

The Jakhanke that settled the Guinea and Sierra Leone became the Yalunka people aka “Diallonké, maintaining the “Dia “ prefix.

The Yalunka people originated in the mountainous Koulikoro region of Mali along the Niger River valley and were inhabitants of the Susu empire.

Sometime around the eleventh century, the Yalunka people arrived in the hilly plateau region of the Futa Jallon in Guinea, after the disintegration of the Susu Empire.

The Yalunka were among the first inhabitants of the Fouta Jallon, a name derived from Jalonke/Diallonke.

They would be displaced further south by the Fula people in the 18th century.

Unlike their brothers and sisters in the Senegambia and Mali, they are more of agriculturalist than merchants.

Al Marquizi Narrative

Another source that tightens the lid on this Zaghawa expansion theory comes from Egyptian historian Al-Marquizi, who wrote in the 15th century :

“El-Maqrizi, who wrote in the fifteenth century, says that in his day all the nations between Abyssinia on the south, Nubia on the east, Barkah on the north, and Tekrur on the west were called Zaghai; and that the kingdoms of Kanem and Bornu, founded between the regions of Haoussa and Zaghai, were occupied by the Zaghai.” — Cooley, 1841, p. 98, footnote 157

“Abyssinia on the south” The Kingdom of Simien In Ethiopia

“Nubia on the east,” Is the Zaghawa of Sudan

“Barkah on the north,” Are the Zaghawa of Libya.

“Tekrur” Zaghawa in Senegal who formed Takrur

“ The kingdoms of Kanem and Bornu, founded between the regions of Haoussa and Zaghai, were occupied by the Zaghai.”

We currently theorize that Hausa emerged out of Kanem Borno, but it is known that Kanem Borno was founded by the Zaghawa.

The name Songhai is a foreign pronunciation by explorers, travelers, merchants and colonizers.

Songhai / Songhay is actually “Zaghay / Zaghai “

The people Al Marquizi is referring to.

Remember the Zaghawa started their expansion in Egypt and reached Somalia in the city of BerBera,

The name Berbera comes from the Somali phrase beri-beri, meaning "occasionally". Before it became a major port city, Berbera was a seasonal settlement, only inhabited during cooler months.

“Berbera” could actually be the true root if the term “Berber” referring to North Africans.

The Zaghawa people of Sudan, Chad, Libya etc refer to themselves as “Beri”

The Zaghawa-Kanuri people of Kanem Borno empire are referred to as "Barebari",

The Zaghawa of Borgu in Nigeria and Benin call themselves "Bariba"

And the Zaghawa of Songhai refer to themselves as "Ber" or "Beri"

The Torodbe fula emerged from Takrur and all Fulbe belong to one of four tribes: The Ururbe (Ba, Diakite), Dialloube (Diallo), Ferrobe (Sow) and Dayebe (Barry, Sangare).

The Dayebe clan bears the name Barry and this clan is the class of nobility.

So from Somalia all the way to the Western Sahel, the Beri title has been maintained.

New Names Same Faces The Wangara Emerge

Fadigas narrative of his ancestors coming from Egypt to Somalia, Nigeria, Mali and Guinea, was actually a description of the Sahelian Jewish migration and transition of the Radhanite - Zaghawa into becoming Wangara, after formation of early west African empires that arose after their arrival.

Its said that the activity of the Radhanites ceased in the 10th century after the fall of the Tang dynasty in China and the collapse of the Khazarian state, as well as unstable trade routes.

In reality the Radhanites realigned themselves in Africa where they thrived and survived onward, but once they settled in Mali, the Radhanite name would indeed be dead, and their Wangara identity came alive.

“Soninke Wangara”Misnomer

The Wangara have historically been listed as a subgroup of the Soninke, but this is either a regurgitated error or a attempt to cover up the rabbit hole that opens up once you learn the true identity of the Wangara.

It is said that

“Located in the Lakes Region at the eastern end of the "country of Wanqara" was Tiraqqa or Tombouze, a predecessor of Timbuktu. It was one of the great commercial centers of the region—a meeting place of caravans from Ghana and Tadmakka in the 10th and 11th centuries—and a dependency of Ghana. “

Al-Idrisi describes it as "one of the towns of Wanqara"—large, well populated, and unwalled—and relates that it was "subject to the ruler of Wagadou, in litigation."It remained an important mart until the 13th century, at which time Timbuktu replaced it.”

The Wangara did not originate from Wagadou or the Soninke people, but since their trade started to penetrate Wagadou territory, the King of Ghana would make people of “Wangara Country” or those who settled in gold or mineral rich areas of Wagadou, became tributaries to the Ghana or King of Wagadou.

The Wangara became “Subject to the Ghana King of Wagadou in litigation”.

In litigation means that

In legal matters and disputes, the Ghana king had final jurisdiction.

That could include:

• merchant disputes, • debts, • trade contracts, • caravan conflicts, • taxation disagreements, • inheritance/property cases, • or political arbitration between groups.

According to tradition, Wagadu made its profits from maintaining a monopoly on gold heading north and salt heading south, despite not controlling the gold fields themselves. It is possible that Wagadu's dominance on trade allowed for the gradual consolidation of many smaller polities into a confederated state, whose composites stood in varying relations to the core, from fully administered to nominal tribute-paying parity.”

The Wangara were not administered into Wagadou by conquest, but “a polity that was consolidated into a confederated state” willingly assimilating for economic benefit on both ends but still maintaining their autonomy.

A confederated state is is a political union of sovereign states or chiefdoms united for purposes of common action.

Politically the Wangara would also fit into the category of being a “Tribute Paying Parity”.

The Wangara were the ones who had control of the gold deposits and salt mines.

Wagadou utilized a strict gold regulation policy to maintain the economy and not allow the Wangara to fully monopolize it.

The king claimed all gold nuggets for himself while permitting traders and citizens to possess and trade only gold dust.

Which means they acknowledged the Ghana King as the higher power of the land and showed respect through tribute, by giving the King the gold nuggets but keeping the gold dust, and in return gained access to trade routes and rich lands without resistance.

The Wangara themselves were still a parity though, meaning they received equal treatment and status as Soninke subjects.

Root vs. Ethonyms

When The Radhanites entered east Africa and the Sahel, they joined the Zaghawa confederation and expansion into North and West Africa.

Those who reached Mali would settled Kukiya and Gao first where the pre Songhai were established and a branch of them would emerge from that same Zaghawa-Songhai stock and settle along the Niger and Wagadou.

As kingdoms rose and fell, they would migrate and assimilate anywhere that their trade would be secure and prosperous. This would create a trading diaspora stretched across the Sahel but they were Zaghawa at root.

Though “Wangara” has become the umbrella term for these merchants

Once the Radhanite-Zaghawa entered west Africa, they’d be known by different names such as

• "Wakoré" by Gao & Songhai

• "Wangara" by the Soninke”

• "Wangarawa" by the Hausa,

• “Wassangari” by the Bariba

• “Dyula and Jakhanke” by the Mandinka

• “Marka” by the Bambara and Burkinabè

“Dyula”, which is also spelled as “Dioula” or “Juula”, is likely the closest to their original name, and could possibly be derived from the Songhai/Jakhanke title “Dia” aka “Diu’a” and “Juwa”.

Wangara would just become the umbrella term throughout history.

So the Wangara were ultimately Radhanite, Zaghawa, Arab and Mizrahi Jewish merchants from Iraq, the Levant, Arabia and Northeast Africa that formed the Kanem Borno and Gao Kingdoms but also assimilated into ruling powers like Wagadou and later Mali and Songhai.

It is not a coincidence that the arrival of the Radhanites in Timbuktu, the Imperial era of Wagadou through trade and the rise of Gao all occurred simultaneously in the 8th century.

It is all from the same root, then shortly after the emergence of the Radhanite-Wangara, the Wangara are documented for the first time by Al-Bakri in the 11th century under their new identity.

Conversion To Islam

By the early 11th century, the 15th ruler of Gao, Za Kusoy, converted to Islam.

After the Almoravids declared holy war against Wagadou.

The Soninke and Wangara had been converted as well, ending the Jewish reign of both kingdoms. Most though, would only be Muslims nominally but practice Judaism behind closed doors, especially amongst the merchant groups. The rejection of Islam by some, would also contribute to their expansion into other regions.

But those who made serious conversions would become messengers in other nations.

Genetics

E-Z15174 & E-Z5985 Jakhanke & Lancado Merchants

The genetic distribution of E-Z15174 & E-Z5985 represent Jakhanke-Wangara and Lancados who occupied and traded in the Kaabu empire.

Kaabu was a multicultural state encompassing the Senegambia, Guinea and Guinea Bissau. It hosted several languages, namely:

⁃ Jola-Fonyi ⁃ Mandjak - Macancha ⁃ Mandinka ⁃ Sarakhule ⁃ Wolof ⁃ Balanta ⁃ Fulani (Pulaar) ⁃ Serer

Mandinka, however, was the language of the ruling class and of trade.

Each group has carriers of E1a except Serer :”

Jola-Fonyi (Guinea Bissau) : 45% Papel Mandjak (Guinea Bissau) : 29% Mandinka (Kaabu) : 13% Wolof (Senegambia) : 12% Balanta (Guinea Bissau) : 12% Fulani (Gambia) : % N/A

The Jakhanke are sometimes referred to as (Serakhulle or Sarakollé), but their language is closer to Western Manding languages such as Mandinka.

This puts the Jakhanke people in the trade class of Mande speakers. They traded & operated right in the heartland of Kaabu and collaborated with Lancados who also had many E1a1 and E1a2 carriers.

Between the 13th and 15th century, a branch of Jakhanke, likely from Dia and Djenné would form Diakhaba in the Bambouk region of S.E Mali and western Senegal.

When Diakhaba was found, this would bring another wave of Jakhanke into the Senegambia and Guinea region.

Lancados The Portuguese Lancado’s were jews who self exiled themselves into the upper Guinea region of west Africa, specifically Cape Verde, Senegambia, Guinea and Sierra Leone.

Lançados often took African wives from local ruling families, thereby securing protection and trading ties that worked to the advantage of both sides. They established clandestine trading networks in weaponry, spices, and slaves. This black market angered the Portuguese Crown by disrupting its ability to collect taxes.

Lançados would live and trade in coastal areas, either individually or in small groups, and with the knowledge and protection of native Africans.

They would have intermixed with the same people groups as the Jakhanke And passed down E1a as well.

The Jakhanke and Lancado would form trade operations in places like :

• Niumi (Senegambia) • Sedhiou (Senegal) • Niani (Guinea) • Kiang (Gambia)

E-CTS10935

Haplogroup E-CTS10935 would represent the Soninke assimilated Wangara who migrated Into the middle Niger during the decline of Wagadou between the 11th and 13th century.

After branching out, this Wangara group would become known as the “Marka/Maraka”, which means “Men Who Rule” in Bambara.

The Marka are geographically concentrated in vital areas at the crossroads of trade and agriculture. In Mali, they are found extensively along the Niger River.

They would be the direct founders of Nyamina & Sansanding but also assimilated into pre existing communities such as :

• Dia • Djenné • San • Segou • Timbuktu region • Gao

They controlled a large part of the salt and gold trade, linking the Islamic centers in the north (Timbuktu and Djenné) with the agricultural markets in the south. This commercial role required a high level of trust and transregional networks, as well as their skill in accounting and risk management.

Rise Of Mali Empire

After the the eventual fall of Wagadou as a result of Almoravid and later Susu incursions, the Mali empire would arise after the epic hero Mansa Sunjatta Keita defeated the Susu King Soumaoro Kanté.

Dia would temporarily be in jurisdiction of Mali.

Just as the Ghana King of Wagadou would make the proto Wangara of Tiraqqa and Wagadou inhabited lands become tributaries, the Mansa of Mali would do the same.

This resulted in the same economic boost, powered through gold.

According to chronicles, Dia's population organized a theocratic regime of their own during the 15th century. Ever since, Mali's sultan never dared to enter the town, and anyone who arrived in Dia was no longer regarded as a subject of Mali. It was known as the town of God, or "Balad Allah".

Djenné

Between the 15th and 17th centuries much of the trans-Saharan trade in goods such as salt, gold, and slaves that moved in and out of Timbuktu passed through Djenné. Both towns became centres of Islamic scholarship

Salt was mined at Taghaza in the Sahara and transported south via Timbuktu and Djenné. Gold from the Akan goldfields in the forested area between the Komoé and Volta rivers was traded at the town of Begho (Bitu) and then transported north through Djenné and Timbuktu and across the Sahara to North Africa where it was exchanged for merchandise such as cloth, copper and brass.

Mali would try to conquer Djenné an alleged 99 times but would also fail there as they did in Dia.

Mali Decline - Songhai Rise

When Mali began to fall and experience heavy raids from the Mossi in the 15th century, the Jakhanke and Marka would remove their allegiance from Mali and redirect it to Songhai, bringing them back into their ancestral sphere.

At first there was friction. In 1471, Djenné was conquered by Sonni Ali soon after his seizure of Timbuktu. The siege lasted approximately 6 months.

The sultan of Djenné died during the siege, and his young son made peace with Songhai.

The widowed wife of the Sultan would marry Songhai’s King, Sonni Ali.

This would establish the city's high political position within the empire.

Under the Songhai, Djenné functioned as one of the key hubs in a thriving trade economy centered on the middle Niger river valley, with a population of approximately 40,000 people.

Duarte Pacheco Pereira, a sea-captain and explorer, mentions Djenné in his Esmeraldo de situ orbis which he wrote between 1506 and 1508: "...the city of Jany(Djenné), inhabited by Negroes and surrounded by a stone wall, where there is great wealth of gold; tin and copper are greatly prized there, likewise red and blue cloths and salt.”

The Songhai ultimately dominated the entire middle Niger River Valley, bringing key commercial and scholarly centers—including the regions surrounding Dia under their unified administrative control.

In Songhai security, stability and protection in trade would return to the Wangara groups.

Migration Eastward

In the mid 15th century the Marka and Fula from Dia would see commercial and Pastoral opportunities in the lower Guinea region.

They would make a migration eastward, which would bring E1a (E-CTS10935) into these regions. This migration would be a progressive settlement and sometimes temporary or permanent residence along the way.

Burkina Faso E-CTS10935

They would first enter Burkina Faso and expand through the north, settling the Boucle du Mouhoun Region.

18% of Marka in this region are carriers of E1a.

The E1a carrying Marka are neighbors to the Samo people and would intermix.

29% of Samo people are carriers of E1a, through paternal ancestry from Marka and maternal ancestry from Samo woman.

As they continued further into Burkina Faso, they would end up in the Mossi Kingdom.

From Mossi land the Marka would disperse into three directions :

1. Northeast into the Sahel region, where they would settle and mix with the Fulani aka “Peulh”, who are 10% carriers of E1a.

2. South, into Bissa land, where carriers of E1a have been reported amongst African ancestry users.

3. Southeast into Gourmantche

The Mossi (who were hostile to Islam) in earlier times raided the northern markets for trade goods, especially salt, but later permitted the Wangara into these areas to import the desired goods into their own country. These traders and court marabouts were established in

⁃ Mane, ⁃ Zitenga ⁃ Kaya ⁃ Bulsa ⁃ Bilanga

The origin of the Mossi kingdoms is derived from an ancient union between a Bissa patriarch and a Mossi matriarch.

The Marka would also intermix with the Bissa while in Burkina Faso, and the children of these unions along with their parents would be amongst those who would migrate farther east into Niger, northern Benin, Hausa land and north central Nigeria, where E-CTS10935 carriers who descend from this migration can be found today.

Niger-Benin Dendi & Agadez E-CTS10935

The Marka Wangara who carried E1a that entered Niger would settle Gaya in the Southwest and Agadez in central.

Those who settled Gaya would assimilate into Dendi populations Like Hausa, Songhai, Zarma, Tyenga and Fula on both sides of the Niger and Benin borders.

Under the Songhai empire, Dendi had been the easternmost province, governed by the prestigious Dendi-fari ("governor of the eastern front").

Some members of the Askia dynasty and their followers fled here after being defeated by the invading Saadi dynasty of Morocco at the Battle of Tondibi and at another battle seven months later.

Those who went to Agadez would assimilate into the Tuareg.

Agadez was founded before the 14th century, and, by growing around trans-Saharan trade, gradually became the most important city of the Tuareg people,

In 1449 Agadez became a sultanate, but was later conquered by the Songhai Empire in 1515, remaining a part of that empire until 1591

Benin-Nigeria Hausa-Fulani & Borgu E-CTS10935

According to the Kano Chronicle the Wangarawa (Marka & Jakhanke) as many as 160 people—emigrated under the leadership of Shaikh Abderrahman Zaghaiti to Kano and introduced Islam in Yaji's time (1349–1385) or under Muhammad Rumfa (1463–99), after having left Mali in 1433 AD.

The surname, derived from "Zagha" or "Zeghai", may point to the town of Dia in the Inner Niger Delta south of Timbuktu. These Wangara left during a time of great insecurity due to Mossi incursions and moved to greater Songhay protection, adopted the Songhay language, and perhaps intensified the commercial contacts between Songhay and Hausa.[13] In their eastern migration, it is believed that the Wangara split up in two groups in Gobir, one going to Kano and the other going to the Aïr. There are documented Wangara communities in Kano, Katsina and in the Borgou.

Hausa-Fulani The Wangara that settled northern Nigeria would assimilate into Hausa and even establish kingship in some instances.

Mohamed Korau, a Wangara, elected in 1492/3, became the first Muslim Sarkin Katsina, whose palace the “Gidan Korau” still stands today.

During the Fula Jihads, a group of Wangara had assimilated into the Toucouleur, before the migration eastward occurred. This fusion would form the Sullubawa, a Fulani people culturally but Wangara ancestrally.

During the era of Usman Dan Fodio, the Sullubawa would be major factors in the jihads and later become ruling dynasties in Kano, Katsina and Zazzau.

Today the Hausa in Nigeria carry E1a at 11.5 %

And in Sudan At 15.6 %

The percentage of E1a carrying Fulani in Nigeria is low or under documented, but in Sudan it is 12%

Borgu The First Wangara Ruled Kingdom

As the Wangara expanded into Northeastern Benin and western Nigeria around 1480.

They would first settle Nikki-Wenu in Benin amongst their distant Zaghawa relatives, known today as the Bariba. Together they would establish the Kingdom of Borgu, occupying the Alibori and Borgou region of Benin, as well as Kebbi, Niger and Kwara state in Nigeria.

The Wangara are the ruling class and the Bariba would give them the name “Wassangari”.

One could theorize that maybe “WasSangari” could be derived from a combination of “Wangara” and “Zaghari”

They’re the “Wangara of Zaghari (Dia) “ = “WaZaghari or WassaGari”

Busa and Boko are subgroups of Bissa that inhabit Borgu and are derived from the arrival of the Wangara.

While the Marka-Wangara were in Burkina Faso, they mixed with the Samo, Mossi, Bissa, Fula and Gourmatche.

People who get “Bissa” from the DNA service Africa ancestry, will often assume their ancestry is from Burkina Faso, which is not entirely true but not entire false. The continental and international African diaspora rarely were taken from modern day Burkina Faso during the slave trade.

It is actually more likely that diasporans came from Bissa in Ghana, Benin and Nigeria, where the sieve trade was more of a hotspot.

The Busa and Boko language is derived from the Samo-Busa language family, showing a close relation that is reflected in genetic and migration patterns.

Busa is also called “Zugweya”. Amongst Wangara groups.

The city of Dia is aka “Zaghari” and the prefix “Dia” is interchangeable with “Za” & “Zuwa” in remembrance of their Songhai - Zaghawa / Zuwaga ancestry.

“Zugweya” is derived from Zaghawa / Zuwaga.

The three major kingdoms of Borgu are Bussa, Illo and Nikki. Bussa is traditionally considered to be the spiritual center of Borgu, Nikki the center of political power and Illo the commercial emporium.

Other Borgu states included Parakou, Kaiama, Kouande, Kandi, and Yashikeri. Bussa enjoyed a status as 'older brother' to the other Borgu rulers, but in practice only controlled some of its weaker neighbors.

Beginning in the 16th century, however, Borgu became an important crossroads for trade routes bringing kola from Gonja and the Ashanti Empire to Hausaland, leading to the diversification and monetization of the local economy. Trade was dominated by the Wassangari.

Borgu would establish heavy ties and intermarriage with the people of Hausa land, Oyo and Kanem Borno.

Ups & Downs Borgu’s Struggle To Fully Become A Super Power

The Wassangari (Marka Wangara) would become noblemen, expanding power through business, trade, and intermarriage with other wealthy merchant families and Royal nobles, both locally and beyond borders.

The name of their Patriarch was Sero, a protege of Mansa Duro, a Songhai prince likeky descended from the 13th century century Duro who ruled during the Zaghe dynasty. After Sero completed his mentorship, he would become ruler of Nikki-Wenu in Benin and adopt the title Sounon or King.

The youngest son of Sero was named Sabi Sime Dobidia.

Sabi would marry multiple woman from various local tribes such as the Bariba, Boko (Bissa) and Hausa.

He founded the dynasties that emerged from the kingdom of Nikki (Benin Subsidiary of larger Borgu empire). His sons, endowed with the royal emblems of trumpets and white spurs, took control of villages of their respective mothers. Those parental ties were the basis of the political structure established by the Wasangari (Wangara)

The royal dynasties are founded by: 1. Sero Baguiri, the ancestor of the dynasty of the Karawe

2. Kpe Gounon Kaba Wouko, the ancestor of the dynasty of the Gbassi

3. Sero Kpera I, the ancestor of the dynasty of the Makararou

4. Kpe Lafia Gamabrou, the ancestor of the dynasty of Lafiarou

5. Sero Kora Bakarou, the ancestor of the dynasty of Korakou

The kingdom of Nikki became one of the most powerful and important cities in the Borgu confederacy.

Nikki played a key role in the regional economy, protecting trade routes, signing trade treaties with neighboring powers, and minting the mithqal gold coin (Dinar) that became a common currency in the region.

Borgu had so much rapid growth and wealth that it attracted enemies and detractors.

Oppositions

Nupe Beginning in the late 15th century, the rising power of the Nupe people posed a serious threat to Borgu.

When they crushed the neighboring Oyo, and their King, Onigbogi found refuge in Borgu.

Borgu & Oyo would found an anti Nupe alliance and form a strong calvary force.

Songhai By the early 1500s the Wassangari had created their own political sphere outside of imperial overlords and Borgu aristocracy was a blend of Songhai and Wangara culture with the native Bariba but its own independent entity and they had begun establish commerce along the region and abroad.

Songhai would ensue a 100 year war against Borgu from 1490-1591 in an attempt to take control of the trade routes that the Wassangari had established.

The campaign was a very difficult one; sources recall that the Songhai suffered serious defeats, but also briefly occupied Bussa and brought high-ranking captives back to Gao. But ultimately Songhai would be unsuccessful and collapse in 1591 after internal conflict and the Moroccan invasion, which caused many including the royal court to flee.

Oyo

The conflicts with Songhai, weakened Borgu and Oyo would betray their former allies and use the opportunity to reduce Borgu to a Vassal until 1783.

Wassangari Expansion Into Oyo

Despite pressure from Oyo, In the 17th century Wassangari princes began expanding into new regions including parts of Yorubaland, where they would establish Kingship or chief titles.

Ogbomoso

The city of Ogbomoso was founded in the mid-17th century AD by Ogunlola, a skilled and courageous hunter of Ibariba origin. Historians do not know his real name, but early Yoruba settlers called him "Ogunlola" because he was a hunter and adventurer.

He would marry a Ifa practitioner named Esu. And she would introduce the veneration of the orisha Obatala.

The people of Obatala in Ogbomoso were distinguished by white beads worn round their necks and wearing of white dresses only. Drinking of palm wine or consumption of any intoxicating substance was forbidden to them, which is common for Obatala initiates and followers.

Okuta

A Wassangari named Koto Gbodokpunon would establish a chiefdom in Okuta along the Benin border.

Ilesha

In Ilesha the Wassangari were more focused on trade but also established chiefdoms there to.

Ilesa is known for its natural resources and minerals especially Gold, which would have attracted the Wassangari naturally.

Notable Wassangari :

Mora Lafia was a chief in Ilesha

Asabaru was a merchant, warrior or hunter

Dagwara was a merchant, warrior or hunter as well.

E1a in Yorubaland The Wangara had been interacting with Yoruba land since the reign of Mansa Musa and as recent as the Lancado exiles, and Borgu era.

But the Wassangari expansion and partial assimilation of some into Yorubaland would greatly bring E1a into Oyo.

Wangara would regularly assimilate into new cultures and the child would be raised in the culture of their mother but strong in Islam so their children and descendants would identify as Yoruba, which is why E1a can be found in Oyo in varying degrees, because these descendants have older paternal ancestry from the Wassangari and even Gobirawa Hausa.

They’re carriers of E-CTS10935

The Yoruba are predominantly haplo E1b1a, and do not have a history, high percentage, or high concentration of E1a carriers, which is also an indication of a later migration which we attribute to the Wangara of Borgu

War & Displacement

In the early to mid 1800s a rise in conflict and civil wars broke out within Yorubaland but Borgu would become collateral to the unrest as well.

In the early 1800s, Ilorin — originally an Oyo military city — fell under the influence of Fulani Muslim leaders connected to the Sokoto jihad movement after the rebellion of Afonja.

The Fulani takeover threatened both the declining Oyo Empire and the neighboring Borgu/Wassangari states, so Oyo and Borgu formed a military alliance to try to retake Ilorin. Despite their cavalry and manpower, they lost because Oyo was already politically weak and divided.

The Fulani took many prisoners of war, including Wassangari warriors and Wassangari descended Yoruba, then sold them to coastal middle men.

Yoruba land in general was already fragmented and undergoing civil war amongst themselves which would also lead to Wassangari Warriors and Wassangari descended Yoruba being sold into slavery.

Since Nigeria was an English colony and the British abolished slavery within their territories after 1807, anyone caught illegally transporting slaves from these regions, would have their ships intercepted but this did not stop the Portuguese and Spanish.

Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Between all of this history, from the 17th century to the 19th century, the Trans Atlantic Slave trade would displace, enslave and epigenetically traumatize an unfathomable amount of Africans.

The ones who carried E1a were predominantly taken to the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida but are also found in a decent number in Virginia, the southern Appalachia, Louisiana.

They can be distinctly found amongst Gullah Geechi, Black Seminoles, Mulungeons, African Americans from Louisiana and Louisiana creoles.

Known Surnames and geographical distribution of them are :

Driggers & Perkins

Earliest Known Ancestor: Emmanuel Driggers (1607-1685)

Joshua “Old Jock” Perkins (c. 1732-1801)

Descendant of Driggers

Region : - VA ⁃ South Carolina ⁃ Pee Dee River Region SC

⁃ North Carolina ⁃ Bladen County, NC

Phelps

Unknown ancestors

Regions : Caswell, NC Albemarle, VA Baltimore County, MD

Other Document Surnames : Hall Williams Brown Jackson Davis Jones Robinson Johnson Smith White Harris Moore Coleman Wilson Taylor Wright Brooks Lewis Powell Unknown ancestors Unknown regions

Liberated Africans of Sierra Leone

All illegally enslaved Africans liberated by the Royal Navy were taken to Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, where Admiralty courts legally confirmed their free status. The captives were predominantly Yoruba, but also included Hausa, Igbo, Akan and Bantu people

Some of the descendants of the Nigerian Wangara in the 19th century who were fully assimilated into the local Yoruba, Hausa, Borgu and Nupe communities, would be amongst those to be illegally captured in the slave trade by predominantly Spanish and Portuguese raiders post the abolition of slavery in British territories after 1807.

Normally, two scenarios were likely to occur

After being taken captive, the most favorable outcome would be when the British West African squadron, were able to successfully intercept these slave ships, leaving off the coastlines of British territory, enroute to the new world.

After the British intercepted these ships, they would liberate them and resettle them in the British colony of Freetown, in Sierra Leone and also in the western division of Gambia.

They would be often converted to Christianity and given English names.

Those who were dropped off in Sierra Leone would heavily mix into the already growing Creole community.

The Sierra Leone Creole people are descendants of freed African-American, Afro-Caribbean, and Liberated African slaves who settled in the Western Area of Sierra Leone between 1787 and about 1885.

Creole ancestry can be divided into four waves.

• The freed African Americans and British Moors (Blackamoors) would make up the first layer, arriving in 1787

• The African American Black Loyalist in Nova Scotia would be transported to Sierra Leone in 1792

• The Jamaican Maroons and other Caribbean rebels would arrive in 1800 but continue to arrive until the mid 1800s

• The Liberated Africans would arrive after 1807 and would be the last wave but the longest and most prominent. The Liberated African today make up most of Sierra Leonean Creole ancestry.

All of these groups would form the Creole group of Sierra Leone, and are locally known as Krio.

While living in Sierra Leone, many Krio residents became exposed to the Christian faith as a result of the work of British missionaries, who established some Churches, a few grammar schools and a pioneer educational institution, the Fourah Bay College. Relatively, the residents of Sierra Leone soon gained a fast start in Western education and were soon well trained and experienced in medicine, law, and the civil service.

So some Africans who were captured young and liberated in Sierra Leone were more susceptible to being converted to Christianity and anglicized in their disposition because they were more impressionable and placed into the custody of missionaries or Creoles who’ve been anglicized.

Saro People

After some years, the children of the Nigerians liberated in Sierra Leone started migrating back to Nigeria in the 1830s and would begin traveling back and forth between Freetown and Lagos.

In the Lagos colony of Nigeria, they would become known locally as the Saro.

The Saro were culturally assimilated and born into the Sierra Leone Creole community but still had ancestral roots from the Yoruba, often from a parent or grand parent.

When they began to return to Nigeria, the returnees mostly resided in the Lagos Colony, with substantial populations in Abeokuta and Ibadan. Some also settled in Calabar, Port Harcourt and other cities in the Niger Delta.

These liberated Africans or Saro people would include carriers of haplo E-CTS10935

Aku-Oku

While other Yoruba captured practiced their Traditional religions before being enslaved and were later christianized in Sierra Leone,

The Yoruba & Wangara descended Yoruba specifically who were Muslim pre enslavement, would retain their Muslim Identity upon arriving in Sierra Leone and Gambia, unless they were captured young without their parents.

They would be referred to as “Oku” In Sierra Leone and mostly found in the Fourah Bay region of Freetown

In Gambia, they are called “Aku” and found in the Banjul region.

The Creoles were mostly endogamous but occasionally marrying Indigenous Mende & Sherbro people who’ve they have long been allied with since creole arrival

The Oku would marry amongst themselves but also other native tribes more openly such as Temne, Mandinka, and Mende.

The descendants of the Krio, Oku, and possibly Lancado who intermixed with the Mende are carriers of haplo E-FT327560.

Not Intercepted

Caribbean & Latin America The descendants of the Yoruba whose slave ships were not successfully intercepted, would take the full voyage to the Americas, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Brazil in the 19th century.

Many of them would also migrate to or be displaced to other Caribbean countries such as Barbados, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Jamaica etc

They’re carriers of the broader E-Z958.

Brazil Those taken to Brazil were mainly from Hausa / Yorubaland in Nigeria and the Nago from the Ketu kingdom of Benin

Some of the Hausa and Yoruba would both be carriers of E1a from Wassangari ancestors.

While enslaved in Brazil, the Hausa and Yoruba of Bahia, would start an insurrection on a Sunday during Ramadan, in January 1835, which would come to be known as the Malê revolt.

There were Yoruba who had been converted to Islam by the Hausa in Brazil and other groups of Yoruba who were already Muslim prior to enslavement.

The Yoruba who were already Muslim had been converted by traders from Mali in the 14th century, as well as the Songhai Wangara who arrived in the 15th-18th century. These Yoruba muslims would refer to Islam as “Esin Imale “ which possibly translates to “Religion of the Malians “ or “the hard religion”.

So during enslavement in Brazil, the yoruba Muslims were referred to as “Imale”, hence why the Insurrection was called the “Malê” revolt.

The revolt was unsuccessful ; The Hausa and Yoruba were not able to physically defeat their Brazilian masters, but mentally terrorized them into a state of paranoia, fear, and a surge of anxiety that made day to day life uneasy for Brazilians.

The Brazilian authorities began to worry that the slaves would keep on revolting and follow the example of the African rebels in the Haitian revolution.

So after the Malê revolt, Authorities quickly sentenced four of the rebels to death, sixteen to prison, eight to forced labour, and forty-five to flogging.

Two hundred of the surviving leaders of the revolt were then deported by municipal authorities back to Africa.

They would be deported to the countries of Nigeria, Benin and Ghana.

Return from Bondage

In 1835 The Liberated Africans from Brazil and Cuba, who were sent directly back to Nigeria were referred to as Aguda to identify the Brazilian returnees or as Amaro to identify the Cuban returnees. In Lagos, they were given the watery terrains of Popo Aguda as their settlement.

Most were Catholics, some still practiced the Ifa traditional religion and Some of the Agudas were also Muslims, Most of them returned with Portuguese names, that their descendants still carry as well. Some common Portuguese family names in Nigeria include Pinheiro, Da Silveira, De Silva, De Souza, and Moreira.

Unlike the Krios and Aku, who were of Yoruba descent but liberated in Sierra Leone and Gambia after their ships were intercepted,

The Yoruba and Hausa of Brazil would be deported directly back to their countries of origin which was Nigeria and Benin. Although there would be a small percentage who were sent to Togo and Ghana.

The Agudas were aware of their home cities but preferred to set up shop in Lagos because because of on-going wars in the interior.

Oba Ojulari of Lagos was known to grant them land to build a house and provided men to assist them in their transition to local life.

The elder returnees were comfortable, but many of the children were foreign to Lagos.

They held on to elements of Bahia culture from Brazil, such as Catholicism and formed a close knit community within Lagos Island. Popo Aguda was also a commercial center of trade, serving as a distribution center for imported goods.

Its chief, the Onipopo, today presides over various ceremonies of remembrance that take place in the quarters.

The Cuban returnees would predominantly settle in Campos square, which was named after a returnee named Hilario campos. After slavery was abolished in Cuba and Brazil in 1886 and 1888 respectively, further migration to Lagos continued.

In Benin and Togo they would be known as Amaros, Nagos or Le Brazilians.

And those who were sent to Ghana, would assimilate into Ga-Adangbe and become Known as a subgroup called the Tabom people, distinctly known and remembered for the Yoruba ancestry.

All of these returnees, had lineages among them that were likely Carriers of E-CTS10935 and broader E-Z958.

Great Hajj

The Yoruba Muslims who remained in Nigeria without being enslaved now had accumulated many generations and experience of Islam.

They’d also be rejoined by the returnees from Sierra Leone, the Caribbean and Brazil.

At some point in a Muslims life, if they are capable it is said that they should make a pilgrimage to Mecca.

Many Yoruba Muslims would take part in this great journey referred to as “Hajj”.

After making the trip, some Muslims would take permanent residence in both Mecca & Medina.

They’re carriers of haplogroup E-CTS4038.

So ultimately the : Zaghawa Kanuri Hausa Bariba Songhai Jakhanke Wangara Takrur Wolof

Share a common ancestor and are closely related Groups.